Spanish-American War

1. Spanish-American War Mr. Stikes

2. Standards SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century. b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism. c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

3. Spanish-American War (1898) • American Expansion: • Need: • New Markets • “Turner Thesis” – end of the frontier (1893) Between 1860 and 1900... Population doubled to 71,000,000 Wheat production tripled Coal production increased eightfold Steel & rail production increasedfivefold Oil production increased 20x

4. Spanish-American War (1898) • Causes: • “Yellow Journalism” • Sensationalist newspaper articles encouraged involvement in Cuba William Randolph Hearst (l) and Joseph Pulitzer (r) were well known for their sensational newspapers: for Hearst, the New York Journal and for Pulitzer, the New York World. These papers competed for the most outrageous stories in order to sell more papers.

5. Spanish-American War (1898) • Causes: Cuba • Rebellion against Spanish control • “Second Cuban War for Independence” (1895-98) • General Valeriano “the Butcher” Weyler • Herded approx. 500,000 Cubans into concentration camps, reported almost 200,000 died

6. Spanish-American War (1898) • Causes: • De Lôme Letter • Spanish Minister to U.S., Dupuy de Lôme, called Pres. McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politican.” • U.S. Response to conflict in Cuba • U.S.S. Maine, a battleship, sent to Havana

7. Remember the Maine (Feb. 15, 1898) • An explosion sinks the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor • Yellow press believes it to be a submerged mine set by the Spanish, Hearst coins phrase: “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!”

8. Remember the Maine (Feb. 15, 1898)

9. Remember the Maine (Feb. 15, 1898) • Funeral for the Maine victims, Havana, February 1898. • Hench-Reed Collection, Historical Collections & Services, CMHSL.http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/medical_history/yellow_fever/politics.cfm

10. Spanish-American War (1898) • War declared April 25th, 1898 Invasion of Cuba (June 22, 1898) • Battle of San Juan Hill (July 2, 1898) • 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, the “Rough Riders”

12. Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) • Assistant Secretary of the Navy under McKinley • Resigned to join the Rough Riders • Nominated for a Congressional Medal of Honor for leading charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba • War hero, used popularity to be elected Vice-President

13. The War in the Philippines Pacific Theater • Philippines • May 1, 1898 – Battle of Manila Bay • Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish fleet • August 13th, 1898 – Manila captured by American troops • Guam • Captured June 20, 1898

14. Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898 Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron in destroying the Spanish fleet.

15. Spanish-American War (1898) • Treaty of Paris of 1898 • Spain surrenders, U.S. gains Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for $20 million

16. Debate over American Expansionism • Central Question: • Cuba Question: • Teller Amendment (April 19, 1898) • Promises U.S. will “leave the government and control of the island [Cuba] to its people” • Platt Amendment (Replaced Teller Am. in 1901) • Gave U.S. right to intervene on island and right to rent naval base (Guantanamo Bay) What should happen to this new territory?

17. Debate over American Expansionism 2 schools of thought: • Imperialists: • Wanted to annex lands conquered from Cuba and other territory • Anti-Imperialists: • Were against the U.S. annexing more land “God has not been preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing but vain and idle self-contemplation and self-admiration. No!…He has made us adepts in government that we may administer government among savages and senile peoples.”–Sen. Albert J. Beveridge, 1900 Democracy ≠ Imperialism Colonization = Foreign Wars

18. U.S. Involvement in Latin America • Interest in building a transcontinental canal • Reciprocity treaties for imports/exports • Economic control of the hemisphere • Military interventions / conflicts: • Chile (1891) • Brazil (1893) • Columbia (1895)

20. Panama Canal • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) • Sought joint U.S.-British canal through Cent. Am. • Cut travel distance from NY-CA almost in a third • From approx. 14,000 miles to approx. 5,900 miles • French progress • Attempted to build canal in late 1870’s • Failed • Disease (malaria, yellow fever) • Engineering problems

21. Panama Canal • Panama: part of Columbia • Rebellion in 1903 • Encouraged by U.S. • Columbia failed to ratify treaty giving U.S. control of canal • Canal construction (1904-1914) • System of 3 locks

22. Panama Canal

23. PANAMA CANAL

24. The first ship to transit the Panama Canal was the S.S. Ancon on August 15, 1914, just as the First World War was erupting in Europe.

25. Economic Expansion in Latin America “Our great demand is expansion. I mean expansion of trade with countries where we can find profitable expansion. We are not seeking annexation of territory.” - James G. Blaine, U.S. Secretary of State, 1890 • “Banana Republic” • derogatory term for poor, unstable countries in Latin America • Best example: Honduras • United Fruit Company – el pulpo or “the Octopus” • Economically and political active

26. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Policy stating that U.S. could intervene in Latin America to stabilize these countries • Usually, if a nation was unable to pay off its debts • Result: • U.S. becomes policeman of Latin America • “Big Stick” Diplomacy: Speak softly and carry a big stick