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Chapter Nine: The Question of Israel and Palestine

Chapter Nine: The Question of Israel and Palestine. The Origins of the Conflict. The Origins of the Conflict. Conflict between Palestinians and Zionists Zionist- A person favoring the creation of a Jewish state 1890- European Jews began flocking to Palestine to create a Jewish state

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Chapter Nine: The Question of Israel and Palestine

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  1. Chapter Nine:The Question of Israel and Palestine

  2. The Origins of the Conflict

  3. The Origins of the Conflict • Conflict between Palestinians and Zionists • Zionist- A person favoring the creation of a Jewish state • 1890- European Jews began flocking to Palestine to create a Jewish state • The European Jews were willing to remove the Turks, but they also wanted control of Palestine without interference from the Palestinians

  4. The Origins of the Conflict • The promises made by the British during WWI • Arabs • The British hinted to the Arabs that they would allow Arabs all through the region to unite in one government if the Arabs would revolt against the Turks • Zionists • The British promised the Zionists they would recognize the creation of Israel • French • The British promised the French to split the Middle East when the war was over

  5. The Origins of the Conflict • Two terrorist organizations created by the Jewish • Irgun Zvai Leumi • The Stern Gang • 1948 • The United Nations recognizes Israel • The Arabs attack Israel

  6. The Origins of the Conflict • Seeking peace with Israel • Egypt sought peace with Israel in 1973 • Jordan joined the peace process • Syria and Iraq rejected peace • The militant Arabs who joined the Syrians and Iraqis called themselves the Rejectionist Front

  7. The Origins of the Conflict • The Palestinians turn to terrorism • Since the Palestinians were not strong enough to attack the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) directly, they used other tactics (e.g., bombing public places, conducting open murder), referring to their actions as military operations and commando tactics

  8. The Rise of the PLO

  9. The Rise of the PLO • Creation of the PLO • In 1957, Yasser Arafat gathered groups of disgruntled Palestinians in Jordan • In 1964, Arafat formed the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) • Arafat’s purpose was to create a political organization to help form a multinational alliance against Israel

  10. The Rise of the PLO • Fatah • Joining a group of young Palestinians, Arafat formed a quasi-military organization called Fatah in 1959 and merged it into the PLO in 1964 • Fatah ran its first operation in 1965, blowing up an Israeli water pump

  11. The Rise of the PLO • Tactics of Fatah • Sending small ambush teams from the Jordanian border • Planting bombs • Shelling Israeli settlements from Jordan

  12. Fatah after Karamah: A Legend is Born

  13. Fatah after Karamah:A Legend is Born • Karamah • On March 21, 1968, the Israelis launched a mechanized assault on the village of Karamah- one of Arafat’s primary bases in Jordan • After heavy fighting, Karamah held firm despite the odds against the Palestinians • It was the Jordanian army that stopped the Israeli armor • Yet, the PLO emerged from Karamah with the reputation of a fighting force, and Yasser Arafat became a bona fide hero

  14. Fatah after Karamah:A Legend is Born • After Karamah • The PLO began a terrorist campaign against Israel • Terrorism was the only viable military tactic for a small group of relatively weak people who wanted to launch an offensive against a superior force

  15. Fatah after Karamah:A Legend is Born • PLO as a model for terrorist groups • The PLO was a model for terrorist groups in the Americas, Europe, and Asia • Nationalistic militants from Ireland and the Basque region of Spain trained in PLO camps • The ideological left and European left-wing terrorists flocked to training centers • Cuba claimed the PLO served as an example for South and Central American revolutionary groups

  16. Fatah after Karamah:A Legend is Born • The PLO splinters • Despite Arafat’s attempt to keep the movement together, various groups started to go their own way as early as 1970 • The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Individuals such as Abu Abbas, Abu Nidal, and Abu Ibrahim defected

  17. Palestinian Violence Expands

  18. Palestinian Violence Expands • King Hussein of Jordan • Concerned with the growing influence of foreign nationals in his own land, in 1970, King Hussein ordered the PLO to stop attacking Israel • Hussein was trying to stop the rival influences in Jordan • Arafat defined Hussein’s order, and stepped up operations against Israel

  19. Palestinian Violence Expands • Hussein attacks the PLO • In September, 1970, Hussein attacked the PLO • The PLO had nowhere to run; Arafat fled to Lebanon

  20. Palestinian Violence Expands • Black September • Arafat created a new group to strike at Israel, naming it Black September • Black September attacked in Munich at the 1972 Olympics Games

  21. The PLO and the Changing Face of Middle Eastern Terrorism

  22. The PLO and the Changing Face of Middle Eastern Terrorism • As various terrorist groups split off from Arafat’s control, a host of Arab states offered support and assistance, causing further splits in Fatah • The Abu Nidal Group (Black June) • Formed in the 1970’s after Arafat stated publicly that the PLO would recognize Israel’s right to exist in return for a Palestinian homeland • Knowing Abu Nidal’s frustration, Saddam Hussein approached the terrorist group with a proposition • Abu Nidal could develop his own organization, and the Iraqis would assist with funding

  23. The PLO and the Changing Face of Middle Eastern Terrorism • The Abu Nidal Group organization • Abu Nidal developed a rigid hierarchy and assumed control of the new organization • He created an internal committee, the Committee for Revolutionary Justice, a group of internal thugs that kept Abu Nidal’s followers in line

  24. The PLO and the Changing Face of Middle Eastern Terrorism • Syria and Abu Nidal • Syria was interested in gaining power in Lebenon • Syria approached Abu Nidal with a proposition • They offered to fund Abu Nidal if he would conduct operations for Syria

  25. The PLO and the Changing Face of Middle Eastern Terrorism • Abu Nidal a gang of mercenaries • Abu Nidal accepted missions and payment from Libya and other Arab states • The Soviet Union sought his services • Abu Nidal set up an infrastructure in Europe • In Libya, Colonel Moammar Khadaffy sought to establish his own links with Abu Nidal • Abu Nidal was too independent for Libya

  26. Intifadas and Religious Revival

  27. Intifadas and Religious Revival • Three competing interests in Middle Eastern violence • Who will govern and what will be governed? • The internal struggle among Arab states • Militant Muslims came to believe that secular politics are doomed to failure

  28. Intifadas and Religious Revival • The Intifada • On December 9, 1987, thousands of protesters marched in Jabiliya, a Palestinian refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, to protest the Israeli killing of four Palestinians • A spontaneous riot broke out in Gaza, and within days it had spread through all the Occupied Territories • As the resistance continued, the Palestinians called the uprising the Intifada, and it had a religious flavor

  29. Intifadas and Religious Revival • The United States and the Intifada • The United States responded to the Intifada with a new peace proposal • The United States brokered a temporary peace agreement in September 1993 • Known as the Oslo Accords, the peace agreement introduced a radical new concept to the long struggle: It defined a semiautonomous Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and hinted at the possibility creation of a Palestinian state

  30. Intifadas and Religious Revival • The Israeli Likud Party • In May 1996, the conservative Israeli Lukid Party came to power • The new Likud government, under the direction of Benjamin Netanyahu, tried to back away from the Oslo Accords as it increased military action in Lebanon. This brought Hezbollah, Hamas, and other militants back to the streets, and the fragile peace threatened to evaporate • By 1998, the Israelis and Palestinians signed a new agreement, the Wye Accords, and Arafat reasserted power over the PNA • Netanyahu lost a 1999 national election to Ehud Barak of the more centrist Labor Party • The Likud Party campaigned against Barak in 2000 • Ariel Sharon, the leader of the Likud Party, won the election and was reelected in 2003

  31. Intifadas and Religious Revival • The current state of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict • Yasser Arafat died in the fall of 2004 • Much of the stuggle has turned to religion, and members of the Rejectionist Front maintain their hatred of Israel with passionate zeal • Israel has produced its own brand of religious fanaticism • This strain of Judaism calls for the conquest and destruction of the Arab states surrounding Israel, and this view increasingly influences the Israeli government

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