Table of Contents

1. Chapter 13 Light and Reflection Table of Contents • Characteristics of Light • Flat Mirrors • Color and Polarization

2. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves • An electromagnetic waveis a wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward from the source at the speed of light. • Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. • The electromagnetic spectrum includes more than visible light.

3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum High Frequency Short Wavelength High Energy Low Frequency Long Wavelength Low Energy

4. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 13 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

5. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves, continued • Electromagnetic waves vary depending on frequency and wavelength. • All electromagnetic waves move at the speed of light. The speed of light, c, equals c = 3.00  108 m/s • Wave Speed Equation c = fl speed of light = frequency  wavelength

6. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Chapter 13 Electromagnetic Waves

7. EMS Practice Concepts • Use your reference table to determine: • Which color of light has the shortest l? • What is the color of light that possesses a frequency of 5.10 x 1014 hz? • A photon of light has a frequency of 4.0 x 1010 hz. What range of the EMS is it in? • Which photon has more energy • Gamma or infared? Violet Yellow Microwaves Gamma

8. Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is true about the speeds of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum? F. Gamma rays travel faster than radio waves. G. Radio rays travel faster than gamma rays. H. Gamma rays and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum. J. The speed of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum depends on their frequencies.

9. Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is true about the speeds of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum? F. Gamma rays travel faster than radio waves. G. Radio rays travel faster than gamma rays. H. Gamma rays and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum. J. The speed of gamma rays and radio waves in a vacuum depends on their frequencies.

10. EMS Short Response Practice Problem • What is the frequency of a photon of light that has a wavelength of 3.8 x 10-7 m? • What region of the EMS is it located?

11. Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. X rays emitted from material around compact massive stars, such as neutron stars or black holes, serve to help locate and identify such objects. What would be the wavelength of the X rays emitted from material around such an object if the X rays have a frequency of 5.0  1019 Hz?

12. Chapter 13 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. X rays emitted from material around compact massive stars, such as neutron stars or black holes, serve to help locate and identify such objects. What would be the wavelength of the X rays emitted from material around such an object if the X rays have a frequency of 5.0  1019 Hz? Answer: 6.0  10–12 m = 6.0 pm

13. Section 2 Law of Reflection and Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Objectives • Distinguishbetween specular and diffuse reflection of light. • Applythe law of reflection for flat mirrors. • Describe the nature of images formed by flat mirrors.

14. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Reflection of Light • Reflectionis the change in direction of an electromagnetic wave at a surface that causes it to move away from the surface. • The texture of a surface affects how it reflects light. • Diffuse reflectionis reflection from a rough, texture surface such as paper or unpolished wood. • Specular reflectionis reflection from a smooth, shiny surface such as a mirror or a water surface.

15. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Reflection of Light, continued • The angle of incidenceis the the angle between a ray that strikes a surface and the line perpendicular to that surface at the point of contact. • Theangle of reflection is the angle formed by the line perpendicular to a surface and the direction in which a reflected ray moves. • The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are always equal.

16. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Angle of Incidence and Angle of Reflection

17. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Flat Mirrors • Flat mirrorsform virtual images that are the same distance from the mirror’s surface as the object is. • The image formed by rays that appear to come from the image point behind the mirror—but never really do—is called avirtual image. • A virtual image can never be displayed on a physical surface.

18. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Image Formation by a Flat Mirror

19. Section 2 Flat Mirrors Chapter 13 Comparing Real and Virtual Images

20. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 13 Polarization of Light Waves • Linear polarizationis the alignment of electro-magnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other. • Light can be linearly polarized through transmission. • The line along which light is polarized is called thetransmission axis of that substance.

21. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 13 Linearly Polarized Light

22. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 13 Aligned and Crossed Polarizing Filters Aligned Filters Crossed Filters

23. Section 4 Color and Polarization Chapter 13 Polarization by Reflection and Scattering