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Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands. Chemical Messengers. Autocrine self signal Paracrine neighbor signal Endocrine distant signal Pheromone airborne signal same species Allomone airborne signal different species. Hormone Types. Homeostasis Mechanism. Receptors input signals

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Endocrine Glands

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  1. Endocrine Glands

  2. Chemical Messengers • Autocrine • self signal • Paracrine • neighbor signal • Endocrine • distant signal • Pheromone • airborne signal • same species • Allomone • airborne signal • different species

  3. Hormone Types

  4. Homeostasis Mechanism Receptors input signals skin responds to cold temperature sends signal to brain Control Center integrating center brain interprets temp signal makes you shiver Effectors output mechanism muscles shiver creating heat

  5. Negative Feedback Results in an immediate reversal of the imbalanced system Immediately negates the disruption Most systems in the body work via negative feedback systems temperature glucose balance water balance blood pressure

  6. Positive Feedback Immediate further disruption of the imbalance so as to later return to homeostasis childbirth ovulation

  7. Positive Feedback: Childbirth

  8. Neuroendocrine Reflex Baby suckling stimulates receptors on the nipple Action potential travels to the hypothalamus Hypothalamus sends oxytocin to posterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin into the blood stream Oxytocin travels to the breast and triggers milk release

  9. Posterior Pituitary • Hormones synthesized in the • hypothalamus • Released by the posterior pituitary • Oxytocin • milk ejection • orgasm • Vasopressin or ADH • water balance • blood pressure

  10. Anterior Pituitary • Releasing hormones synthesized • in the hypothalamus • CRF/CRH • GnRH • GHRH • TRH • PRH • Triggers hormone release in • anterior pituitary • ACTH • LH/FSH • GH • TSH • PRL

  11. The Stress Continuum

  12. The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging Stress

  13. HPA Axis • Hypothalamus • CRF/CRH • Pituitary • ACTH • Adrenals • Cortisol

  14. Stress and Hormone Release

  15. Stress Diathesis Model • Existing Correlations: • Adult Depression : Elevated Cortisol levels • Childhood Abuse : Adult Depression • Stress Diathesis Model: • Genetic Predisposition plus • Early Abuse/Neglect leads to • Adult Depression • Animal Model shows: • More CRF neurons • Larger CRF neurons • More sensitive CRF neurons • Early abuse permanently alters the stress • response increasing the risk of depression

  16. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 1. Alarm Reaction 2. Resistance Reaction 3. Exhaustion

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