1. Tourism and the Environment

2. Environment– Concern for Tourist • “Quality” tourism includes… • Beautiful landscape • Relaxed atmosphere • Sunshine • Healthy climate • Attractive places for excursions

3. Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons • 1968 Paper • Farmers share land (the commons) to graze cattle • One farmer increases herd, others follow; profits maximized • Land becomes overgrazed • Lower quality milk • Next generation and the loss of the commons • Short vs. long term benefits

4. Impact of free market view of tourism Consumption Ignores: pollution, depletion of environmental resources Difficult to specify cost in market system Low cost of development Unspoiled environments become commodities Free Market Impact

6. PPP– Polluter Pays Principle • Emitting wastes= bearing costs • Government tax? • Punitive fine?

7. Debt-for-Nature Swaps • Resource is “world’s” possession, so “world” can pay for it • NGOs buy government debt for small amount • Area is conserved; government gives up sovereignty on area of country

8. Trends in Eco-Tourism • “Local” prevents leakage • Risk of “greenwashing” • Sustainability • Examples: • Bali “losmen” • Senegal Casamance

9. Positive Environmental Impact? • Conservation • Rwanda’s Parc National de Volcans • Garbage Removal • Mt. Everest