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2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved. History of Forensic Science. Hans Gross:A magistrate and law professor in AustriaKnown for his publications and for introducing the word criminalistics"In 1893, published a Handbook for Magistrates that greatly influenced the practice of criminal investigations.
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1. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved History of Forensic Science Mathieu J. B. Orfila:
Many forensic science specialties can be traced back to the medicolegal institutes of Europe
One of the most renowned medicolegalist of the time was Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853)
Mathieu Orfila is best known for his involvement in the “Lafarge” arsenic poisoning case in France
He is often referred to as the “father of forensic toxicology”
2. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved History of Forensic Science Hans Gross:
A magistrate and law professor in Austria
Known for his publications and for introducing the word “criminalistics”
In 1893, published a Handbook for Magistrates that greatly influenced the practice of criminal investigations
3. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved History of Forensic Science Alphonse Bertillon:
Developed an anthropometric system for human identification in the 1890s
The limitations of this system was shown by its inability to distinguish between two Leavenworth, Kansas, penitentiary prisoners, Will West & William West
The Bertillon system was eventually replaced by the fingerprint system being developed by Francis Galton, William Hershel, Edward Henry & others in the late 1800s
4. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Development of Forensic Science Laboratories Professor R. A. Riess:
Established a forensic photography laboratory at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland in 1909
Edmond Locard:
Established one of the world’s first police crime laboratories in Lyon, France in 1910
Known for the Locard Exchange Principle
5. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Development of Forensic Science Laboratories August Vollmer:
Established a forensic laboratory at the Los Angeles Police Department in 1923
Colonel Calvin Goddard:
Established a crime detection laboratory at Chicago’s Northwestern University in 1929
Perfected the comparison microscope for bullet and cartridge case examinations
6. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Development of Forensic Science Laboratories J. Edgar Hoover:
Established the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) forensic laboratory in 1932
New York City (NYC):
The NYC Police Department Crime laboratory was established in 1934
7. History of the Local Lab Most Crime Labs were established within police agencies and performed
Firearms
Fingerprints
Photography
Missouri State Highway Patrol Lab
Established 1936
Full service lab system
No questioned document examiners in Missouri labs
8. History of the Local Lab Formally known as SEMO Regional Crime Laboratory
served the southeast Missouri region since 1969
Under direction of chemistry department
First full time director in 1971
Prints, firearms, drug analysis
serving 20 counties, 90 agencies
Merged with MSHP in 2006
9. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Development of Forensic Science Organizations American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)
Established in 1948
Approximately 5,000 members representing all forensic science disciplines and specialties
Started the Journal of Forensic Sciences in 1954
10. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Development of Forensic Science Organizations American Society of Crime Lab Directors (ASCLD)
Established in the early 1970s
Created a Lab Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB)
ASCLD/LAB began lab accreditation in 1982
11. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Pathology:
Pathology is a specialty area of medicine
Pathology is the study of diseases and the bodily changes caused by the diseases
Forensic pathologists determine the cause of death (the medical reason why a person died; e.g. asphyxiation)
Forensic pathologists determine the manner of death (the circum-stances causing death; e.g. homicide)
12. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Entomology:
Entomology is a branch of biology devoted to the study of insects
Forensic entomologists use insects as investigative aids
By examining insects, larvae or pupae associated with a corpse, knowing the life cycle of insects, and by using the existing environmental factors, forensic entomologists can estimate the time of death
13. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Odontology:
Odontology is the study of the physiology, anatomy, and pathology of teeth
Forensic odontologists perform two types of analyses involving the human dentition
Identify human remains by comparing premortem and postmortem dental X-rays
Bite mark comparisons (crime scene marks to known bite marks)
14. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Anthropology:
Physical Anthropology is the science of the human skeleton and how it has evolved over time
15. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic anthropologists:
Can determine whether found remains are of human or animal origin
Reconstruct the skeleton from found remains
Provide an estimate of age, stature, and gender
Can sometimes determine racial origin
Detect skeletal abnormalities and any trauma
Can provide information about the cause of death
16. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Toxicology:
Forensic toxicology is the study of the effects of extraneous materials such as poisons and drugs in the body
Forensic toxicologists must determine both the presence and the amounts of extraneous materials in the body
Assist the medical examiners in determining the cause of death
May be involved in the determination of ethanol levels in blood and breath samples
17. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology:
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerning the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior of humans
Forensic psychiatrists & psychologists evaluate offenders for civil and criminal competence and may be involved in offender treatment programs
A few specialize in “profiling” of criminal cases, primarily serial murderers and serial rapists
18. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Forensic Engineering:
Involved in the investigation of transportation related accidents, material failures, and structural failures
Forensic Computer Science:
Use information located on computers and other electronic devices as investigative aids
Find hidden or deleted information to determine if internet based crimes have been committed
19. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Criminalistics:
Criminalistics involves the examination, identification, and interpretation of items of physical evidence
20. 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Forensic Science Specialties Four major areas of examination:
Biological evidence
Forensic Chemistry
Pattern evidence
Other patterns (scene reconstruction)