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Definitions and IDs

Definitions and IDs. Risorgimento Cavour / Mazzini/ Garibaldi Otto von Bismarck “by blood and iron” Bad Ems Dispatch. Questions and Imperatives. Discuss French involvement in both Italian and German unification.

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Definitions and IDs

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  1. Definitions and IDs • Risorgimento • Cavour / Mazzini/ Garibaldi • Otto von Bismarck • “by blood and iron” • Bad Ems Dispatch

  2. Questions and Imperatives • Discuss French involvement in both Italian and German unification. • Describe three focused efforts at German unification, clearly explaining the final attempt that worked. • How and when did the Italian States unify into one nation? • Is nationalism a constructive force in the modern age? (Class discussion)

  3. Italian Unification • Risorgimento - meaning “resurgence,” to rise again, was the movement for liberation and unification of Italy (use 1815-1870) • HOW TO UNIFY ITALY: • (1) radical program of Mazzini who preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people • (2) Catholic priest VincenzoGioberti called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope and King of Piedmont/Sardinia as its military defender (called the neo-Guelph movement -- in the middle ages, popes and their allies called themselves Guelphs in the struggle with the HRE) • DO YOU THINK THE POPE SHOULD BE A POLITICAL LEADER?

  4. The Moderate approach worked • (3) mostly Piedmont patriots wishing to drive out Austria • Wars between Austria and Piedmont strengthened this position • Cavour will lead the way for the moderate approach

  5. MAZZINI (1805-1872) • patriot, revolutionary, radical liberal, intellectual • spent much of his life in exile • his nationalist philosophy went beyond Italy, throughout Europe • as early as 1830s he pushed for the cause of Italian unity • created a revolutionary group called Young Italy • revolutions in 1848: • wants to establish a republic based on democratic principles and manhood suffrage • create feeling of wanting to be Italian, Italian Unification • create a nation of equals, we are Italians (a brotherhood) • eliminate regional differences in one fell swoop by unification (I am Italian, not I am Venetian) • wants this done by spontaneous wills of the people of Italy (uprising by us)

  6. GARIBALDI (1807-1882) • popular hero of reunification • British poet Tennyson said Garibaldi had “the divine stupidity of a hero” • naive, idealist, suckered into deals (not intellectual) • man of action • attempted to carry out Mazzini’s philosophy, to realize his ideas • like Mazzini, wanted a democratic republic • charismatic, warrior, born leader (social with his men) • didn’t care for money, beloved by poor, doing this for Italy • involved with uprisings in 1830s and sometime then fled to S. America • took part in revolutions in S. America, learning guerrilla tactics (surprise raids) • returned to Italy in 1848 to fight against Austria in revolution • when that failed, he joined Mazzini in Rome • In 1859, he led a volunteer force for Piedmont against Austria • offered a command in the Union Army by President Lincoln (Garibaldi never fought in the Civil War, but followers did)

  7. CAVOUR (1810-1861) • born to rich noble family, but more bourgeois than aristocratic in his values • prime minister of Piedmont in 1850’s, a strong diplomat • lacked the charisma of Mazzini and Garibaldi • traveled a lot, learned modernization in England (i.e. agricultural products) • came back to Piedmont (tripled his earnings by introducing agriculture, modernizations) • a modernizing aristocrat (used England as a model) • tried to cut back church’s control on land (so land can be used) • Piedmont can become 1st class power • to unify Italy or to conquer it (like Bismarck) • favored a liberal monarchy, rather than Mazzini’s republic

  8. Cavour’s approach • 1859 • Plombières and French Emperor Napoleon III • Underground ($) • 1860 (Lombardy, Central states and duchies, and Sicilies) • Move to south, BUT Garibaldi • Cavour dies June 1861 • 1866 (Venetia) • 1870 (Rome)

  9. German Unification • Three attempts • 1817, Student fraternities (Burschenschaften) • 1848-49, Frankfurt Assembly • 1860s, orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck

  10. Otto von Bismarck • Bismarck became Chancellor in 1862 for Wilhelm I (King of Prussia) • Bismarck wanted an army not just the “National Guard” • Wilhelm struggled with the parliament for the money to maintain an army threatening to abdicate if they didn’t give it to him • Bismarck advised the King to collect the taxes needed for this without going to parliament • Bismarck: • - “Iron Chancellor” • - a man of violent moods and tempers • - had great oratory skills • - was well read, tough, a dueler • - Chancellor Bismarck was given the title Minister Resident of Prussia” • - wanted German unification • - had been at the Frankfurt Assembly

  11. “By Blood and Iron” • Bismarck (a Junker, Prussian Aristocracy, a landowner) • could read the sign of the times • was a diplomatic genius, he didn’t plow straight ahead but took steps • wants to go to war with Austria (Austria is pre-eminent in Germany because of the Congress of Vienna, Austria is President of the German Confederation) • there was a feudal bond between William I (King of Prussia) and Franz-Joseph (Austria) • William said if you can provoke Austria to declare war then I will go along with you

  12. First War • Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein • 2 duchies administered by Danish King (Schleswig German/Dane and Holstein German) • Holstein was a member of the German confederation • 1863, Denmark annexed Schleswig (north, close to her) • Bismarck “suggested” Prussia and Austria take these two duchies • it was thought that since the majority of the people in these areas were German that these 2 areas should become part of a unified Germany • Prussia and Austria fought against the Danish, the outcome being Prussia got Schleswig and Austria got Holstein (Convention of Gastein, 1865)

  13. Second War • 1866when Prussia and Austria fought • Austria wanted to take over Schleswig from Prussia • Bismarck saw this as violating the Gastein agreement • Bismarck checked with Russia and France to make sure neither would side with Austria • BUT DO THESE NATIONS WANT A UNIFIED GERMANY??? • Russia had been helped by Bismarck against Poland and Napoleon hated Austria and wanted to see a long war between the two • Prussian army goes after Austria and wins in the “7 weeks war” • Italy supported Prussia since she was promised Venetia (to be taken from Austria) • Prussia and Bismarck won, Prussia annexed Schleswig-Holstein and other states in the north and the North German Confederation was created, (German confederation was split into Northern Confederation and Southern Confederation)

  14. BISMARCK IS HALF DONE • King of Prussia became president of North Confederation w/ Bismarck as Chancellor • Austria was expelled from the Germanies • on the sidelines, Napoleon III had hoped for a long war • he was disappointed and alarmed; German unification would put France at risk • by 1870 Bismarck felt he had lost • said to his buddy General VonRoon: “I’ve failed to unify Germany” • but, a crisis in Spain put unification within grasp

  15. The Story… • Queen of Spain stepped downed without a successor • Cortez went about looking for a successor • must be a blue blooded aristocrat and Catholic • in Southern Germany he found Prince Leopold from the Hohenzollern family (he was the nephew of the King of Prussia) • WHO WOULD NOT LIKE THIS? • If Bismarck moves to bring in Southern Germany into the Confederation, “our guns will go off by themselves,” an automatic war. • William agreed to convince Leopold to withdraw his candidacy • But…

  16. BAD EMS • While Emperor William was relaxing at Bad Ems, French Ambassador (Benedetti)… • When Bismarck received the telegram in Berlin…leaked to the French Press on July 14th (France’s National Holiday) • the telegram had been an insult, and French demanded reaction • Bismarck went to Southern German states and asked them to join in battle • “You’d better like Napoleon more than you hate me if you do not join us” • South joined with the Northern Confederation and Napoleon capitulated • This had also affected the unification of Italy • On January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, Wilhelm was proclaimed the German Emperor by the German Princes • as predicted by Bismarck, it happened by blood and iron not by debate • having this at Versailles was a way of getting back at Louis XIV • there was even continued fighting in Paris after the defeat at Sedan • now there was German unification • France on her part had to give up Alsace and Lorraine (sowed the seeds of future conflict) and pay a 5 million Mark indemnity

  17. How to keep her? • alliances(tries to keep France isolated and keep peace in the Balkans)... • The Duel Alliance of 1879, Austria and Germany (Balkan Peace) • 3 Emperors League of 1873 Austria, Germany and Russia • Triple Alliance in 1882, Italy, Austria, and Germany, w/England as a sleeping partner • 3 Emperors League only renewed by Russia and so became the Reinsurance Treaty...canceled in 1887 by the grandson of William (i.e. William II) • France and Russia also have their own alliance as defensive against Germany

  18. What is the significance of the unification of Germany and Italy?

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