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V IRTUAL W ATER AND W ATER I SSUES IN C HINA

V IRTUAL W ATER AND W ATER I SSUES IN C HINA. TANG QIUHONG. Virtual Water and Water Issues in China. Water issues in China. Virtual Water and water resources management. Some problems in WR assessment. 1. Water issues in China. Water resource per capita (population of 1997).

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V IRTUAL W ATER AND W ATER I SSUES IN C HINA

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  1. VIRTUAL WATER AND WATERISSUES IN CHINA TANG QIUHONG

  2. Virtual Water and WaterIssues in China • Water issues in China. • Virtual Water and water resources management. • Some problems in WR assessment.

  3. 1. Water issues in China Water resource per capita (population of 1997) 4832m3/capita 500m3/capita 2369m3/capita Unit: m3/capita

  4. 1. Water issues in China Water resource per capita (1997) Unit: m3/capita

  5. Upstream Tarimu River  Downstream Data 1.1 Inland river area • Reclamation increases. (Especially, in Xinjiang) • Water use at upstream increases. It causes water scarcity downstream(For example, Tarimu River) • Water resource: 4832m3/capita [1]

  6. 1.2 Yellow River area(Huaihe, Haihe) • Water resource: 656/389/225m3/capita [1] • Rapid increases in water use though cultivated land area decreases. (Maybe it is because of increases in irrigated area at downstream: Map) • Decreases in discharge in to 1990s though precipitations change little. (In Hebei province, precipitation 2.7%, but discharge 25%, water resource  14%, data set 1956-1997 [2])

  7. 1.3 YangtseRiver area • Water resource: 2369m3/capita [1]   • Commonly, Yangtse river has no water scarcity problem (flood control, fight waterlogging). • Cultivated land area decreases because of the economic growth.

  8. 1. Review main water issues in China Without water quality problems! 4832m3/capita • Reclamation • Water use in upstream 500m3/capita • Rapid increases in water use • Decreases in discharge 2369m3/capita • Flood, waterlogging • Cultivated land area decreases

  9. For an isolated research area (control): WR= Wa+Wi+We Wa: water for agriculture; Wi: water for industrial; We: water for environment Import / Export Real Water t (Inter-catchment water transfer): WR+t=(Wa+ta)+ (Wi+ti)+(We+te) t= ta + ti + te ? Import / Export Virtual Water v: WR =(Wa-v)+ (Wi+ vi)+(We+ve) v= vi + ve WR + v = … 2. Virtual Water and WR management • Import VW will not change the WR. Import / Export VW will hurt /enhance local agriculture. • Import VW != enhance industry (depend on industry demand, vi)

  10. 2.1 WR management in inland river case • Why have water scarcity problem: • Reclamation • Water use in upstream (Virtual water export: 65.7*108m3 [3]) WR =(Wa - v)+ (Wi + vi)+(We + ve) v= vi + ve • Industry demand, vi, is not very much in Northwest China. • Export v hurt the environment ve (a seize the water for e) • Reduce export v will hurt agriculture, but will not get benefit from industry vi ACTIONS: • Improve water use efficiency. Reduce the water use but keep VW export (protect agriculture, farmer). • Improve industry, industrial urbanization, vi, reduce VW export. • Water right. (upstream should not use all the water)

  11. 2.2 WR management in Yellow river case • Why have water scarcity problem: • Rapid increases in water use • Decreases in discharge (Water resource: about 500m3/capita [1]) WR=(Wa-v)+(Wi+vi)+(We+ve) v= vi + ve WR+t=(Wa+ta)+(Wi+ti)+(We+te) t= ta + ti + te • Water in short supply (population increase, economy increase). • a ,i and e are hurt. ACTIONS: • Improve water use efficiency. Use same water, do more things. • Give up. (Import VW[repress agriculture]orencourage people to move out) • Change WR. (Import real water!)

  12. 2.3 WR management in Yangtse river case • Water issues: • Flood, waterlogging • Cultivated land area decreases WR=(Wa-v)+(Wi+vi)+(We+ve) v= vi + ve WR+t=(Wa+ta)+(Wi+ti)+(We+te) t= ta + ti + te • Agriculture is hurt by industry,not because of WATER, but land. • Much water run to waste (flow to the sea). ACTIONS: • ExportVW. (Increase irrigated area, 48.2%, data 1998[4]) • Export real water.

  13. 2. Review VR and WR management  Red: existing circumstance Blue: management VW flow real water flow land increase, export VW land decrease, move more water to i, reduce VW export a,i,e are short of water repress a, import VW and real water water waste (to the sea) Export VW and real water

  14. 2300m3/capita a i e [5] 3. Some problems in WR assessment 3.1 Limitation of renewable WR definition 4800m3/capita 4800m3/capita? 500m3/capita a i e 2300m3/capita precipitation 50-100mm/a 400-600mm/a About 1000mm/a

  15. North America South America WR Water != 1 1 Food 2 1 Upstream Transfer Real Water high efficiency+ land, other social conditions low efficiency Virtual Water Downstream 3.2 VW Trade can save WATER Res[6]? The assumption is: WR in NA is same as WR in SA. Deny the WR distribution problem. Underlying assumption is: If we can transport Real Water form SA to NA, we can get more food (benefit). From the eyes of management, VW trade can not save WR, (it can only save virtual water?)

  16. 3.3 VW Strategy Import / Export Virtual Water v: WR =(Wa-v)+ (Wi+ vi)+(We+ve) v= vi + ve Benefit(i): How much water does industry demand? If we know it, we can calculate Benefit(i). Benefit(e): How to calculate the value of environment? Mr. Jiang has do some research on it [7][8] . Benefit! Scientists tell us an object, engineers tell us to reach the object with maximize profit. A good engineer should be a good sociologist first.

  17. Please move your eyes to China! Thank you for your attention!

  18. Acknowledge Reference Most of the data come from 中国可持续发展信息网-水资源与水环境共享网站 (Chinese, Sustainable Development in China- Shared data in water resource and water environment, URL: http://sdinfo.chinawater.net.cn/ ) and Can China Feed Itself? Homepage (author: Gerhand K. Heilig URL: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/index_m.htm ). • [1] United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (1997): Study on Assessment of Water Resources of Member Countries and Demand by User Sectors: China - Water Resources and Their Use. New York, p. 9 • [2]黄河水资源情势分析,贺伟程,中国水情分析研究报告, 2000第7期. (Chinese) Water resources situation in Yellow River, He Weicheng, Report of water issues in China, 2000 (7). • [3] 虚拟水：中国干旱区水资源管理的新思路, 程国栋, 水利专报. (Chinese) Virtual Water: A new water resources management way in arid area in China, Chen Guodong, Special report of water issues. • [4] 加强南方水利建设, 提高粮食自给能力,苏人琼 等,中国水情分析研究报告, 2000年12月第34期. (Chinese) Improve the irrigation works in south China, strengthen food self-support, He Weicheng, Report of water issues in China, 2000.12 (34). • [5] Rockström, J., L. Gordon, C. Folke, M. Falkenmark, and M. Engwall. 1999. Linkages among water vapor flows, food production, and terrestrial ecosystem services. Conservation Ecology 3(2): 5.[online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss2/art5 • [6] T. OKI, M Sato, et al. Virtual water trade to Japan and in the world . • [7] 水资源价值论, 姜文来, 北京: 科学出版社, 1999. (Chinese) Review of value of water resource, Jiang Wenlai, Beijing: Science press, 1999. • [8]水资源价值模型研究, 姜文来, 资源科学, 1999(1). (Chinese) A study on water resource value model, Jiang Wenlai, Resourcesscience: 1999(1).

  19. Back

  20. Cultivated area Grain output Grain output Cultivated area Back

  21. Blue water & Green water • Liquid (blue) water flow is the total runoff originating from the partitioning of precipitation at the land surface (forming surface runoff ) and the partitioning of soil water (forming groundwater recharge). • Water vapor (green) is the return flow of water to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration (ET), which includes transpiration by vegetation and evaporation from soil, lakes, and water intercepted by canopy surfaces (Rockström 1997). Back

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