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Revision of C6 Chemical synthesis

Revision of C6 Chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis : chemical reactions and processes used to get a desired product using starting materials called reagents. The products can be useful for a variety of purposes but tend to be either…. C6.1 Chemicals are why we need them.

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Revision of C6 Chemical synthesis

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  1. Revision of C6 Chemical synthesis

  2. Chemical synthesis: chemical reactions and processes used to get a desired product using starting materials called reagents. The products can be useful for a variety of purposes but tend to be either… C6.1 Chemicals are why we need them

  3. Understand the importance of chemical synthesis to provide food additives, fertilisers, dyestuffs, paints, pigments and pharmaceuticals.

  4. Interpret information about the sectors, scale and importance of chemical synthesis in industry and laboratory. • fine chemicalsA chemical product that is made in relatively small quantities and is typically high in cost, e.g. a flavouring or vitamin, drugs etc. They are made to high levels of purity. Usually in laboratories. • bulk chemicals A chemical product that is made in large amounts, very cheaply and often used to make other chemicals or to process other materials e.g. bleach,solvents, sulphuric acid etc. Usually made in industries.

  5. Recall the formulae of …. Gases: chlorine = Cl2, hydrogen = H2, nitrogen= N2, oxygen = O2 Acids: hydrochloric acid = HCl, nitric acid = HNO3, sulfuric acid = H2SO4, • Alkalis • sodium hydroxide = NaOH, • magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2

  6. Salts • [MX] sodium chloride = NaCl, magnesium oxide = MgO, • potassium chloride= KCl [MX2]calcium chloride = CaCl2, More complex salts… magnesium carbonate = [MgCO3]magnesium sulfate = [MgSO4]; sodium carbonate [Na2CO3]; calcium carbonate[CaCO3]

  7. H ONLY : Work out the formulae of ionic compounds given the charges on the ions.

  8. H ONLY Work out the charge on one ion, given the formula of a salt and the charge on the other ion. • If magnesium forms Mg2+ ions and sulfate forms SO42- ions then identify the charges on the other ions in the following compounds… • MgO • MgCl2 • MgNO3 • Na2SO4 • Al2(SO4)3 • CaSO4

  9. Recall the main hazard symbols, and understand the safety precautions to use when handling hazardous chemicals. harmful / irritant corrosive toxic highly flammable oxidising

  10. Recall examples of pure acidic compounds which are solid, liquids and gases. Solids = citric acid & tartaric acid Liquids = sulfuric, nitric and ethanoic acids hydrogen chloride Gases =

  11. Recall common alkalis… • sodium hydroxide • potassium hydroxide • calcium hydroxide.

  12. Recall the pH scale pH 1 to pH 3 shows that there is a STRONG ACID pH 4 to pH 6 shows that there is a WEAK ACID pH 7 shows that the substance is NEUTRAL pH 8 to pH 10 shows that there is a WEAK ALKALI pH 11 to pH 14 shows that there is a STRONG ALKALI

  13. Recall the use of indicators and pH meters to measure pH.

  14. A pH meter.

  15. Recall the reactions of acids that produce salts. Salts can be produced by reacting acids with….. • metals • metal oxides • metal hydroxides • metal carbonates Write balanced equations with state symbols to describe the characteristic reactions of acids

  16. magnesium calcium hydrogen hydrogen + + chloride sulfate Metal + acid Metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen calcium + sulfuric acid Ca(s) H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(aq) H2(g) + + magnesium + hydrochloric acid MgCl2(aq) H2(g) Mg(s) HCl(aq) + +

  17. magnesium copper water water + + chloride sulfate Metal oxide + acid metal + acid metal salt + water oxide copper + sulfuric oxide acid CuO(s) H2SO4(aq) + CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) magnesium + hydrochloric oxide acid MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

  18. sodium potassium water water + + chloride sulfate Metal hydroxide + acid metal + acid metal salt + water hydroxide potassium + sulfuric hydroxide acid 2KOH(aq) H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + sodium + hydrochloric hydroxide acid H2O(l) NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + +

  19. Metal carbonate + acid metal + acid metal salt + carbon + water carbonate dioxide copper + sulfuric copper + carbon + water carbonate acid sulfate dioxide CuCO3(s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) magnesium +hydrochloric magnesium + carbon + water carbonate acid chloride dioxide MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

  20. Recall that the reaction of acid with an alkali to form a salt is a neutralisation reaction. Explain what happens during a neutralisation reaction. H+ ions from the acid react with OH- ions from the alkali. • When the number of H+ ions is exactly matched by the number of OH- ions to form a pH of 7 • H+(aq)+OH- (aq) H2O(l) • An alkali can cancel out an acid to form a salt and the water (shown above)

  21. Acidic substances… • Dissolve in water to form H+ ions giving a pH of less than 7 • Can be… • solids e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid • Liquids e.g. sulfuric acid, nitric acid, ethanoic acid • Gases e.g. hydrogen chloride • Form salts with many other substances such as alkalis, hydroxides, carbonates, oxides, metals

  22. Explain that acidic compounds…. Dissolve in water to produce aqueous hydrogen ions H+(aq) All acids contain hydrogen – HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH Form solutions with pH lower than 7. Explain that alkaline compounds…. Dissolve in water to produce aqueous hydroxide ions OH-(aq) Form solutions with pH higher than 7.

  23. Write down the formula of the salt produced given the formula of the acid and the alkali.

  24. C6.2 : Planning, Carrying out and controlling chemical synthesis 1. Identify the stages in the chemical synthesis of an inorganic compound. • choosing the reaction or series of reactions • risk assessment (chemical and procedural) • working out the quantities of reactants to use • carrying out the reaction in suitable apparatus in the right conditions (such as temperature, concentration or the presence of a catalyst) • separating the product from the reaction mixture • purifying the product • measuring the yield and checking the purity of the product.

  25. Understand the purpose of these techniques…. • Dissolving… forming solutions to allow easy mixing of reactants • Crystallisation… to purify a sample by the formation of pure crystals from a cooled (often saturated) solution, • Filtration… to separate solid impurities from a solution, or to remove excess solid. • Evaporation… to remove excess solvent from a solution • Drying in an oven or dessicator… to remove water without the risk of wasting yield. • Titration… to find the concentration of an acid (or alkali) using an alkali (or acid) of a known concentration AND an indicator

  26. Understand the importance of purifying chemicals and checking their purity. There are three main grades of chemicals : 1. Analytical – this is the most pure (and most expensive!) If a product is to be used in foods/medicines then this grade is needed – eg. Table salt. 2. Laboratory – this is the ‘medium grade’. 3. Technical – this is low grade purity – eg salt for gritting roads.

  27. Understand that a balanced equation for a chemical reaction shows the relative numbers of atoms and molecules of reactants and products. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) +H2(g) Reactants : 1 x Magnesium atom 2 x Hydrogen atoms 2 x Chlorine atoms And, because the equation is balanced, the same number of atoms are present for the products side! The numbers in front of the formula tells you how many molecules there are of it. So above, there are 2 molecules of HCl, and 1 molecule of everything else.

  28. Understand that the relative atomic mass of an element shows the mass of it’s atom relative to the mass of other atoms. Specifically, the RAM is compared to the mass of Hydrogen.

  29. Be able to use the periodic table to obtain the relative atomic masses of elements. Look at the periodic table in your planners. The bottom number is the relative atomic mass.

  30. Calculate the relative formula mass of a compound using the formula and the relative atomic masses of the atoms it contains. What is the relative formula mass of calcium carbonate? Formula of calcium carbonate = CaCO3 Periodic table : Ca = 40g C = 12g O = 16g CaCO3 = 40+12+(3x16) = 40+12+48 = 100g

  31. What is the relative formula mass of magnesium chloride? Formula of magnesium chloride = MgCl2 From the periodic table: Mass of Mg = 24g Mass of Cl = 35.5g MgCl2 = 24 + (2 x 35.5) = 24 + 71 = 95g

  32. 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s) 8 O On periodic table 16 • 16g of oxygen (Relative formula mass = 32) is used to make magnesium oxide (relative formula mass = 40). How much magnesium oxide should we expect? • 16/32 = 0.5 • Ratio is 1:2 for oxygen to magnesium oxide • 2 X 0.5 X 40 = 40g yield of magnesium oxide

  33. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) +H2(g) • 2.4g of magnesium (Relative atomic mass = 24) is used to make magnesium chloride (relative formula mass = 95). How much of this salt should we expect? • 2.4/24 = 0.1 • Ratio is 1:1 for magnesium to magnesium chloride • 0.1 X 1 X 95 = 9.5g yield of magnesium chloride

  34. Calculate percentage yields given the actual and theoretical yield. Percentage yield = actual mass of pure sample X 100 theoretical mass expected So if by experiment, 7.4g of magnesium chloride was made, when theoretically 9.5g was expected; what is the percentage yield? % yield = 7.4 X 100 = 0.7789 x 100 = 77.8 % yield. 9.5

  35. Titrations An acid-base titrationis the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by exactly neutralizing the acid/base with an acid or base of known concentration. This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or soluble base. It makes use of the neutralisation reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known. Acid-Base titrations can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals.

  36. Open the tap to let the acid run into the flask Stop the tap at the first sign of a colour change Note the volume delivered (this is approximate) Repeat, but add drop by drop near the volume noted for greater accuracy. Record exact volume of acid needed to get colour change for neutral. Use the volumes of both solutions and the concentration of the acid to find the concentration of the alkali using a given formula Describe how to carry out an acid alkali titration accurately. (This could be a solid dissolved in water)

  37. Substitute results in a given formula to interpret titration results quantitatively. In a titration, 50cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide was exactly neutralised by 30cm3 of hydrochloric acid. What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid? Method 1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction. sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid  sodium chloride + water NaOH(aq)  HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H2O(l) 2. Use the big numbers in front of the formulae ( if any) to work out the proportion of NaOH to HCl. In this case, it is 1:1 so 1 mole NaOH reacts with 1 mole HCl

  38. 3. Find out how many moles of sodium hydroxide are present. (moles = [concentration (in M) x volume (in cm3)] : 1000 The number of moles in 50cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide = (2x50) : 1000 = 0.1 moles of sodium hydroxide. • From part 1 and 2 we know that 30cm3 of HCl also contains 0.1 moles. • So to find the concentration of acid you rearrange the formula: concentration = (moles x 1000) : Volume Conc = (0.1 x 1000) : 30 = 3.33 M

  39. Understand why it is important to control the rate of a chemical synthesis. If it is too fast it could make it unsafe. (eg could get too hot if exothermic; gas could be produced to quickly and pressure build up) If it is too slow, then product would be made too slowly, and yield low, so profit too low. (economic factors)

  40. Explain the term ‘rate of chemical reaction’. This is the speed at which the reaction takes place. A reaction takes place when reactant molecules collide with enough energy .

  41. Describe ways for following the rate of a reaction. 1. By collecting a gas. 2. Weighing the reaction mixture. 3. Observing colour change or precipitate.

  42. It slows down as it proceeds. Mass lost (g) It eventually stops when one of the reactant particles has run out. The reaction starts off quickly Time (seconds) Interpret results from experiments that investigate rate of reactions.

  43. Rate graphs and reactant concentrations reactants product Amount of product Time All product Mix of reactant And product Reactant Concentration falls Rate of Reaction falls Gradient of graph decreases All reactant

  44. Amount of product Amount of reactant Time Time Rates and Graphs • These show the increasing amount of product or the decreasing amount of reactant. Steep gradient Fast reaction Shallow gradient Slow reaction Steep gradient Fast reaction Shallow gradient Slow reaction

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