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Poetic Foundations

Poetic Foundations. Use with 3 Graphic Organizers. Organizer 1: Types of Poetry. Lyric : Expresses Feelings (songs, etc.) Elegy – poem about death or loss Ode – dedication poem Sonnet – 14 line poem, often about love

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Poetic Foundations

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  1. Poetic Foundations Use with 3 Graphic Organizers

  2. Organizer 1: Types of Poetry • Lyric: Expresses Feelings (songs, etc.) • Elegy – poem about death or loss • Ode – dedication poem • Sonnet – 14 line poem, often about love • Haiku – Japanese style poem, three lines (5-7-5 syllables), typically about nature • An old silent pond... (5) • A frog jumps into the pond, (7) • splash! Silence again. (5)

  3. Types of Poetry • Narrative – tells a story • Ballad – plot-driven song-like poem with characters and conflict • Epic – Long narrative poem recounting the adventures of a hero

  4. Lines and Stanzas • Lines of poetry: • As opposed to sentences in prose • A group of words arranged in a row • Read lines of poetry like a paragraph on the first reading: look for punctuation. If you don’t see punctuation, keep going • Two types of lines: • Run-on lines (this is known as enjambment) The meaning doesn’t end with the line • End-stopped line (punctuation at the end)

  5. Examples of Lines • End Stopped Lines: A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierianspring. There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again. • AnEssay on Criticism by Alexander Pope) • Run on Lines / Enjambment: It is a beauteous Evening, calm and free; The holy time is quiet as a Nun Breathless with adoration; the broad sun Is sinking down in its tranquility; • It is a Beauteous Evening by William Wordsworth

  6. Stanzas • Groups of lines in poetry (versus paragraphs in prose) • Various types of stanzas: • 2 line stanza: Couplet • 3 line stanza: Tercet • 4 line stanza: Quatrain • 5 line stanza: Cinquain

  7. Stanza Examples • Couplet: "Blessed are you whose worthiness gives scope Being had, to triumph; being lacked, to hope.“ • Tercet: “An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond, splash! Silence again.” • Quatrain: “Tyger, tyger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?”

  8. Organizer 2: How Poets Achieve Effect • Effect Through Rhythm: • Meter – the rhythm established in a poem / the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables • Foot – basic unit of measurement in a poem (either 2 or three syllables – isn’t measured in words) • Perfect Rhyme – identical rhyming words (Skylight and highlight / bean and green) • Internal Rhyme – rhyming within the line • End Rhyme – rhyming at the end of the line • Rhyme Scheme – the rhythmic pattern based on the last word in each line • Iamb – a type of metric foot; 2 syllables – the first is unstressed /the second is stressed • Iambic Pentameter - 5 iambic feet • Blank Verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter • Free Verse (Open Form) – no set rhythm

  9. Examples of Rhythmic Devices • Examples of iambic feet: • Because • Amouse • Revealed • Itself • To fly • Now here’s the whole line (it’s iambic pentameter): • (Because) (a mouse) (revealed) (itself) (to fly). • Here’s another example (scan it): • “One day I wrote her name upon the sand.”

  10. Poetic Feet adapted from Purdue Owl • There are two parts to the term iambic pentameter. The first part refers to the type ofpoetic foot being used predominantly in the line. A poetic foot is a basic repeated sequence of meter composed of two or more accented or unaccented syllables. In the case of an iambic foot, the sequence is "unaccented, accented". There are other types of poetic feet commonly found in English language poetry. • The primary feet are referred to using these terms (an example word from Fussell's examples is given next to them): • Iambic: destroy (unaccented/accented) • Anapestic: intervene (unaccented/unaccented/accented) • Trochaic:topsy (accented/unaccented) • Dactylic: merrily (accented/unaccented/unaccented)

  11. More Rhythmic Examples • Rhyme scheme:

  12. And yet more Rhythmic Examples • Blank verse from Romeo and Juliet: (this is unrhymed iambic pentameter – used to mimic natural speech or push the boundaries of conventions and form) “I thank you, honest gentlemen. Good night More torches here! Come on then, let’s to bed.” • Rhyming couplets in Shakespeare are used in more formal situations: “Saints do not move, though grant for prayer’s sake. Then move not while my prayer’s effect I take.”

  13. Free Verse / Open Form • Fog by Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on.

  14. How Poets Achieve Effect Through Sound Devices • Onomatopoeia: A word that mimics its sound: splash, boom, crash, swish, whoosh • Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds: Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers • Consonance: Repetition of sounds within words: "all mammals named Sam are clammy” • Slant Rhyme/ Near Rhyme: Words that almost rhyme: • "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile/WhetherJew or gentile I rank top percentile.“ – The Fugees • Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds: Aunt Annie ate eight apples

  15. How Poets Achieve Effect Through Figurative Devices • Hyperbole – exaggeration for effect • Understatement – the presentation of something as being less than it is • Simile – indirect comparison using like or as • Metaphor – direct comparison without like or as • Imagery – descriptive details that create a mental picture (appeals to the senses) • Personification – giving human qualities to nonhuman things • Oxymoron – contradictory phrase (ground pilot, the living dead) • Paradox – a statement or concept that appears to be contradictory, but might real a deeper truth: • The paradox that standing is more tiring than walking

  16. Organizer 3: How to Understand Poetry • Enjambment is KEY – the running on of lines • Determine what the poet is treating literally and what is being treated figuratively. • Ask “What is the subject?” • Possible subjects: love, children, nature, war, peace, justice, culture, racism, sports, social issues

  17. Tone and Mood • Ask “What is the speaker’s tone?” How does the speaker feel about the subject? • Tone Words: detached, cynical, optimistic, playful, dreamy, confident, inflammatory, critical • What is the overall mood or ATMOSPHERE of the poem? • Mood words: energetic, nightmarish, melancholy, dignified, foreboding, sentimental, suspenseful • Are there SHIFTS in tone and/or mood between stanzas?

  18. Read it SEVERAL times • 1st = Get an overview • What’s the general subject? • What’s the tone? • 2nd = Read for meaning • What is figurative and what is literal? • 3rd = Read for deep meaning • How does the poet feel about the subject? Why does she choose specific figurative devices? What do symbols stand for?

  19. What to look for • Subject • Tone • Mood • Run-on lines/ end-stopped lines • Stanzas • Imagery • Figurative Devices • Rhythm • Sound Devices • Shifts

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