HUMAN SYSTEMS AND GEOPOLITICS

1. HUMAN SYSTEMS AND GEOPOLITICS TOPIC 7: SUPERPOWERS Lesson 8: Relations with Developing Nations

2. Previous Lesson Objectives: • To understand the tensions that exist between superpowers over ownership and exploitation of physical resources- case study Arctic oil and gas (actions and attitudes) • To know that the global system of international property rights can be undermined by counterfeiting and the problems that exist as a result • To understand how political spheres of influence may be contested leading to tensions over territory and physical resources : • Case study 1: South China Sea dispute • Case study 2: Western Russia/ Eastern Europe conflict

3. TIMED PAST PAPER QUESTION Assess the extent to which the acquisition of physical resources can lead to disputes over ownership and disagreements over exploitation. • ( 12 marks: See Dynamic Learning p.19 Superpowers booklet) 15 mins- GO!

4. Lesson Objectives • To understand how developing nations have changing relationships with superpowers and what the consequences might be for the people and the physical environment. • Examples: Relationship between China and Africa • Economic and political tensions between China and India • Tensions in the Middle East

5. LESSON 8: SPECIFICATION CONTENT: • Enquiry Question 3: What spheres of influence are contested by superpowers and what are the implications of this? • KEY IDEA: 7.8 Developing nations have changing relationships with superpowers with consequences for people and the physical environment. • DETAILED CONTENT: • a) Developing economic ties between emerging powers and the developing world(China and African nations)increase interdependence, generate environmental impacts and bring opportunities and challenges • (*PLAYERS:ROLE OF EMERGING POWERS*) • b) The rising economic importance of certain Asian countries (China OR India) on the global stage increases the geopolitical influence of the region but also creates economic and political tensions within the region. • c) Cultural, political, economic and environmental tensions in the Middle East represent an ongoing challenge to superpowers and emerging powers due to complex geopolitical relations combined with a supply of vital energy resources • (*ATTITUDES: CONTRASTING CULTURAL IDEOLOGIES*)

6. KEY CONCEPTS AND SYNOPTIC THEME : • Players: • The role of emerging powers • Actions: • Contrasting cultural ideologies between the USA and emerging powers • Globalisation: • The role of the globalised economy in creating new emerging political players • Interdependence: • The increasing interdependence between developing and emerging economies

7. Watch ‘The Chinese are coming.’ BBC • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSbZ1wxV87c • ( 1 hour – can’t watch all but watch the start….)

8. TASK 1 • Read ‘Developing Economic ties’ (Hodder p. 163 )and explain why existing superpowers , such as the USA and the EU have often been accused of having unfair relationships with developing countries : • i) • ii) • iii) • iv) 10 mins *TYPICAL EXAM MISTAKE*: • DO NOT THINK THAT SUPERPOWERS ARE MAGNANIMOUS AND GENEROUS IN THEIR DEALINGS WITH LESS POWERFUL COUNTRIES…. • THEY ARE OFTEN MANIPULATING THEM FOR THEIR OWN POLITICAL ENDS…

9. China’s trade with Africa in recent years…

10. Changing relationships between developing countries and superpowers (highlight/ make own notes) • Low- income countries could have new relationships with emerging powers. An example is China’s interest in Sub –Saharan Africa , the world’s least developed region. This has increased interdependence between China and Africa. • China’s investment into the African continent has grown exponentially in recent times. In order to fuel its rapid economic development , China needs to secure a reliable supply of raw materials and a growing market for its manufactured goods. • China is now Africa’s largest trade partner, buying about 1/3 of its oil from the continent. In 1980 , trade between China and Africa totalled around $1 bill. In 2015 it totalled over $160 bill. • This can generate both opportunities and challenges within Africa and China as the following articles suggest from The Economist and BBC…

11. STRETCH AND CHALLENGE:China investing in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges • https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21704804-india-china-and-japan-are-battling-influence-asias-scramble-africa • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35005048

12. Main areas of Chinese investment in Africa • Copper ore in Zambia, Crude oil in Angola, Sudan and Chad • Coltan ( the ore of niobium and tantalum used in mobile phones) from the DRC

13. RECAP FROM PREVIOUS LESSON: Chinese Investment IN AFRICA: Hard or soft power?A detailed link here!

14. TASK 2:COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CHINESE INVESTMENT IN AFRICA • Read Hodder ‘ China’s African Adventure’ p. 163-164 (see Table 9.1) then answer the following: • 1) How much economic and development aid does China provide to Africa each year? • 2) Why has China’s involvement in Africa created interdependence? • 3) Why are there mixed views regarding the relationship between China and Africa? • 4) Make your own summary table from Table 9.1 p.164 to highlight the challenges and opportunities from Chinese investment in Africa • 5) Why are there concerns about the environmental impact of Chinese investment and resource exploitation? • 10 mins

15. TASK 3: Sino- African Trade Sino-African relations refers to the historical, political, economic, military, social and cultural connections between China and the African continent. ( ref Pearson fig 3.6 p. 143) Question: Using the information opposite describe the pattern of trade between China and Africa ( 3 marks)

16. **SYNOPTIC THEME**: • If developing countries align themselves economically and politically with emerging countries such as India, China and Russia, this could have significant impacts on world trade patterns and geopolitical alliances. • So far, only China has really achieved this in Africa. • However the role of emerging powers in Africa could lead to one of two outcomes: • i) It could mirror that of the USA in Taiwan, S.Korea and Singapore in the 1960s and 70s i.e a political, economic and military ally whose investment aided long- term development towards NIC status or… • ii) It can be a repeat of the colonial and imperial exploitation of previous centuries

17. WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING • Which opposing political systems exist in China and India? • COMMUNISM v DEMOCRACY

18. ASIAN TENSIONS:China and India – emerging power rivals on a geopolitical stagehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBzxsCh64xA(highlight/ make own notes) • The rise of both China and India has increased their geopolitical influence. They are both important PLAYERS with key decision- making roles in accelerating a global shift in manufacturing and outsourcing of services towards to Asia. • Both are keen to reform global governance institutions to reflect the new balance of power. This is evidenced through the creation of the G20 in 1999 and the BRICS New Development Bank. The bank will likely create competition for existing institutions such as the World Bank and IMF, both of which are dominated by the traditional western superpowers. • However the rise of China and India has also led to economic and political tensions within the region such as that in the South and East China Seas. (see previous lesson) • This shift brings many benefits to people in emerging countries and their economies but also problems for the environment and people, particularly those in rural areas and disadvantaged groups.

19. China and India – emerging power rivals on a geopolitical stage • https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/09/can-india-join-china-as-an-economic-superpower/ • https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/A%20Level/Geography/2013/Exam%20materials/W41363A%20GCE%20Geography%206GEO3%2001%20June%202013.pdf

20. TASK 4: INDIA OR CHINA? • Read the information in the booklet (from Hodder ‘Student Guide ’p.79) to explain why the relationship between China and India is interesting : • i) • ii) • iii) • iv) 5 mins

21. The World’s changing Centre of Gravityhttp://www.businessinsider.com/economic-center-of-gravity-map-2013-11?IR=T • In 2012 the McKinsey Global Institute published a report highlighting the movement eastwards of the world’s economic centre of gravity. (i.e the ‘most likely location for economic activity at a particular place’)There were some key headline statistics in the report: • i) By 2025, the 600 cities with the highest GDP will generate nearly 65% of world economic growth • ii) Of those cities, 440 will be in emerging countries and Asia will be the dominant region • iii) One billion people will have enough income to be classified as ‘significant consumers of goods and services.’

22. Superpowers and tensions in the Middle East • Q: The Middle East contains 60% of which of the world’s scarce resources? • OIL

23. Tension and Global Oil Production in the Middle East

25. Reasons for Tensions in the Middle East • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjgfnS7qKCI • (BBC Five reasons the Middle East is in crisis – Newsnight- 5 mins ) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veMFCFyOwFI • (The Middle East's cold war, explained- 10 mins)

26. KEY CONCEPT: • Islamic Terrorism: • Involves many terrorist organisations fighting jihad(holy war) against the non- Islamic West. Their motives are complex and include the religious and ideological belief that war should be fought against all non- Muslims. • Many are fighting against what they see as long- term interference by the West in the Middle East. It may also be that recruits to organisations such as IS include young people simply looking for adventure and the thrill of war experience…………

27. *MIDDLE EAST TENSIONSSYNOPTIC THEME:ATTITUDES: CLASH OF CULTURES*… • The differences between Western ideology and culture (capitalism, democracy, individual freedom, gender equality and perhaps, Christianity) and Islamic ideology and culture (primacy of religion, strict laws and gender discrimination) are hard to reconcile.

28. Middle East Tensions(highlight/ make own notes) • The world economy runs on crude oil. The Middle East contains 60% of proven oil reserves. This is why NO SUPERPOWER OR EMERGING POWER CAN IGNORE THE MIDDLE EAST. • The Middle East is an area of tension and conflict for a number of reasons: • i) Most Muslim countries are hostile to the Jewish state of Israel: Iran has vowed to destroy it, but the USA is a key ally of Israel. • ii) Religious differences between Sunni(Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey) and Shia (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon) branches of the Muslim religion are a source of conflict between and sometimes within countries. • iii) Since 2011, the rise of the extremist group, Islamic state (ISIS) in Iraq and Syria has created war, terrorism and a refugee crisis. • iv) The Kurdish people (in Iran, Iraq , Syria and Turkey) are demanding their own state. • v) Since 2015 a civil war has raged in Yemen, which has involved Saudi Arabia directly and the USA indirectly. • This complex web of alliances and geopolitical relations within the Middle Eastern countries is a major ongoing challenge to stability today. Russia and to a lesser extent China, tend to support Iran whereas The USA and EU lean towards Saudi Arabia. The Saudis and Iranians both see themselves as regional leaders butrelations between them are very poor.

29. *SYNOPTIC LINK: ATTITUDES AND ACTIONS* • The complexity created by contrasting cultural ideologies in the Middle East helps to explain the difficulty of justifying military aid and intervention by the USA and other European countries. • Their stated wish is to tackle problems in countries with questionable human rights records, but because the Middle East has the world’s largest reserves of oil, and while this remains the most important primary energy source, superpowers may wish to have sympathetic governments in the region. • This has been particularly true of the UK government’s decision about whether to use military force in Iraq and Syria.

30. TASK 5 • 1. Use Table 9.2 Hodder ‘Source of instability in the Middle East’ to create a list of reasons for the sources of instability in the Middle East: • i) Religion • ii) Oil and Gas • iii) Governance • iv) Resources • v) Youth • vi) History • 2. Use ‘Attitudes and Actions : contrasting cultural ideologies’ Pearson p.140 to explain the cultural,political, economic and environmental factors surrounding the Middle East Tensions. • 3. Use Hodder ‘Superpowers and the Middle East’ p.165-6 to explain the reasons behind the EU and USA’s military and geopolitical involvement in the Middle East • (this could be a 12 marker?...Suggested in Hodder Review)

31. Q: Suggest why the rising importance of some Asian countries might create political tensions.(4) • Inevitably there is keen competition to become not just the top and most powerful economy in Asia, but also to become the regional superpower. (general point to start) • Political power lies mainly in economic strength e.g. both China and India have positive GDP growth rates e.g. India’s GDP growth for June (2017) quarter was at 5.7 percent whereas China's GDP growth for second quarter (2017) was at 6.9 percent.(developed point with named examples and figures) • Political tensions are intensified by ideological differences with, for example, China representing communism and India, democracy.(further developed point using same examples)

32. Q: Why are tensions in the Middle East an ongoing challenge to superpowers and emerging powers?(4) • There are many tensions in the Middle East related to oil and water resources, territory and religious and ethnic differences.(general point) • The issue for superpowers is whether or not to make an intervention, particularly in the current conflicts e.g. USA involvement in Syria • ( developed point with named superpower example) • The sought – after prize is guaranteed access to the rich oil and gas resources such as in Saudi Arabia or Iraq ( further development ) • Emerging powers , such as China are simply concerned that oil supplies should not be disrupted. ( further point with emerging power example so that all aspects of the question have been covered)