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History of Computers

History of Computers. Computer Technology Day 2. Computer Generations: Overview. Zeroth Generation. Based on metal gears or mechanical relays. Examples French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard Developed a loom Controlled automatically by reading instructions from a punch card.

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History of Computers

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  1. History of Computers Computer Technology Day 2

  2. Computer Generations: Overview

  3. Zeroth Generation • Based on metal gears or mechanical relays. • Examples • French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard • Developed a loom • Controlled automatically by reading instructions from a punch card. • American Herman Hollerith • Regarded as the father of modern automatic computation. • Built first punched-card tabulating and sorting machine. • Used for 1890 census • Reduced 10-year job to 3 months • Saved taxpayers five million dollars

  4. Zeroth Generation: Illustrated Punch Card ABC

  5. 1st – 3rd Computer Generations: Illustrated Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits

  6. 1st Generation: 1940-1956 • Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. • Very large and expensive to operate. • Took up entire rooms. • Used great deal of electricity • No operating system • Used custom application programs designed specifically for the task the computer needed to perform. • Could only solve one problem at a time. • Input came from punched cards and paper tape. • Output displayed on printouts, not a monitor.

  7. 1st Generation: Examples • Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937-1942, considered world’s first. • Used punch cards for input and output. • Solved large systems of simultaneous equations (up to 29 equations with 29 unknowns). • Incorporated several major computing innovations • Binary arithmetic • Regenerative memory • Parallel processing • Separation of memory and computing functions.

  8. 2nd Generation:1956-1963 • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. • Used punched cards for input and printouts for output. • Ran programming language compilers. • Programming languages developed • Programmers could specify instructions in words. • Made it possible to develop software. • First computers to store instructions in their memory.

  9. 2nd Generation: Examples • IBM 1620 • Announced October 1959 • Referred to as CADET, jokingly meaning “Can’t Add, Doesn’t Even Try” • IBM 7090 • Designed for “large-scale scientific and technological applications.” • Typical system sold for $2,900,000 or rented for $63,500 month. • NASA used 7090s to control the Mercury and Gemini space flights.

  10. 3rd Generation: 1964-1971 • Integrated Circuit developed. • First computers that had an operating system. • Multi-tasking ability (different applications could run at the same time). • Central program monitored memory. • Mini-computers developed. • Users could interact with computers through keyboards and monitors. • First computer game published.

  11. 3rd Generation: Examples • IBM 360—Mainframe • Introduced in 1964 • Took four years to develop and cost $5 billion ($24 billion today). • One of the major business accomplishments in U.S. history.

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  13. 4th Generation: 1971-Present • Intel developed first microprocessor (MPU). • Whole CPU (Central Processing Unit) fit onto one microchip. • Intel 4004 processor contained 2300 transistors on a chip of silicon 1/8” x 1/16” in size. • Altair 8800 was the first commercially available microcomputer. • Sold as a kit for $397 or assembled for $439. • Used a 2 MHz Intel 8080 processor and had 256 bytes of RAM.

  14. 4th Generation: 1971-Present • Personal Computers (PCs) became available. • IBM introduced the first home computer in 1981. • Apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984. • Microprocessors became available in other products. • Led to the development of • Networks and the Internet • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) • Handheld Devices

  15. 4th Generation: Examples • Commodore Pet • First year of production: 1976 • Price at Introduction • $595.00 (4K RAM) • $795.00 (8K RAM) • Peripherals • Black and Green Monitor • Dedicated Cassette • Floppy Drive

  16. 4th Generation: Examples • HP-85B • Features included • Thermal printer and a tape drive • Built-in tape cartridge drive • Ability to copy anything from the HP-85's display to its printer by touching a key. • Possible to execute subroutines from mass storage devices • Electronic disk (an added option) made it possible to write large programs that ran quickly. • Could purchase either 16K or 32K of user program RAM.

  17. 5th Generation: Present and Beyond • Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). • Voice recognition is currently available. • Parallel processing and superconductors are helping to make it a reality. • Goal is to develop devices that respond to • Natural language input. • Capable of learning and self-organization.

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