Existing Replacements for CFC & HCFC Refrigerants and Future Low GWP Alternatives

1. Existing Replacements for CFC & HCFC Refrigerants and Future Low GWP Alternatives Dr. Frank Rinne Technical Programmes Manager DuPont Fluoroproducts

2. Agenda • Introduction • Role of HFCs in tackling these environmental concerns • Retrofit Refrigerants for CFC´s and HCFC´s in existing Systems • Low GWP Refrigerants for new Systems • Conclusions • Questions and discussion

3. Transitions due to Ozone Regulations ?Transition due to Climate Regulations? An Industry in Transition Thousands of tonnes HFCs HFOs HCFCs CFCs Refrigerants Other Refrigerants Solvents Fire Extinguishants Foam Expansion Propellants

4. Climate ChangeHFCs: A Small but Very Visible Part of Global Warming • Globally HFCs are responsible for only a few percent of the total contribution to global warming (2-3 %) • But there are several factors that make them a target: • Nationally, HFCs can represent several percent of total contribution to global warming • The CFC legacy: regulate and industry will innovate • Refrigerant emissions can be reduced • HFCs are included in the “basket” of gases under the Kyoto Protocol • HFCs are considered “high GWP” gases with perceived low reduction costs • Energy efficiency is considered a separate issue • Bottom line – HFCs are a target for global warming regulations

5. Ozone Depletion:DuPont Position on HCFC Phase-out Acceleration • Despite remarkable success, the ozone layer still requires action. • DuPont supports the accelerated phase-out schedules for HCFCs as an encouraging sign that developed and developing nations can reach consensus on actions to protect the global climate system • The new schedule will allow for an orderly transition to alternative products and technologies through: • Good conservation practices to reduce emissions of refrigerants to the environment • Adoption of alternative non-ozone depleting products and technologies.

6. ISCEON® Refrigerants to replace CFCs and HCFCs • Benefits: • provides easy, quick, cost-effective retrofit • non-ozone-depleting HFC • in most cases no change of lubricant type during retrofit is required -- compatible with traditional and new lubricants • avoids expensive engineering changes to existing equipment • enables cost-effective continued use of existing equipment • can be topped off during service without removing the entire refrigerant charge • Performance: • provides required cooling capacity and comparable energy efficiency vs. R-12 and R-22 • similar discharge temperature and pressure vs. R-12 and R22

7. CFC Replacement – Application Summary

8. ISCEON® 39TC® - Sulzer unit at ISCEON® 49Plus Rhodia Paulinia, Brazil / 2002 Average water flow 180,000 kg/h Average cooling capacity 880,000 kCal/h (60% load)

9. HCFC Replacement – Application Summary * Lower pressure and compressor power than R22 may be an advantage in some specific cases. ** Change of expansion valve, condenser capacity assessment and pressure rating check required. Multipurpose replacement for R22 in DX equipment

10. Typical Applications for ISCEON® MO29 Supermarket Air Contioning Chillers

11. EU F-Gas Revision in 2011 • Will focus on reduction of GWP , direct emissions of refrigerants • Will continue to regulate leak rates and systems checks, as well as trade / consumption / disposal / reclaim of refrigerants • It is proposed to add a “ market driven mechanism” based on GWP of the refrigerants . • The idea is to take all sales of refrigerants in a “ reference year” and convert them in CO2 equivalents , based on the GWP of the individual refrigerants. Then , total CO2 equivalent refrigerant sales in next period would have to decrease YOY ( regardless of the tonnage , only CO2 equivalent matters ) • The benefit is that no technology is phased out – nor mandated . This means that the industry as a whole has freedom to operate to meeting set upon goals in an economically sound manner • This draft proposal from the EU Commission is supported by EFCTC and EPEE • A similar approach is being put in place in the US : convergence

12. Low GWP Solutions based on HFO-1234yf Technology HFO-1234yfA Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC

13. HFO-1234yf – Leading Low GWP Option to Replace R-134a • Jointly Developed by DuPont and Honeywell • Excellent environmental properties • Very low GWP of 4, Zero ODP, Favorable LCCP • Atmospheric chemistry determined and published • Low toxicity • Low acute and chronic toxicity • System performance very similar to R-134a • Excellent COP and Capacity, no glide • From both internal tests and auto OEM tests • Thermally stable and compatible with R-134a components • Potential for direct substitution of R-134a • Mild flammability ( manageable in MAC systems ) • Flammability properties significantly better than 152a; (MIE, burning velocity, etc) • Potential for “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152a based on AIST data • Minimal modifications for safety

14. 1234yf Flammability Properties 1234yf > 5000 mJ ! Ignition Source Flames. Chemical sources. Propagating brushes. IncreasingFlammability Risk Personnel spark limit Minimum Ignition Energy, mJ Iso-Butane Mechanical sparks. Stray current sparks. Ungrounded con- ductors. Methane Propane 152a A glowing cigarette Will not ignite methane (A.D. Little) Gasoline Static discharge from clothing Acetylene Lower Flame Limit, vol.%

15. HFO-1234yf Status for Mobile AC • Automakers representing 70% of EU and 70% of global vehicle production have publicly expressed preference for HFO-1234yf • Registrations (JCSCL, REACH, SNAP, ASHRAE, etc) on schedule • DuPont will make commercial decision on investment in HFO-1234yf plant based on OEM commitments • The EU F-Gas GWP directive for MAC is still expected to go into effect 1 January, 2011

16. Development of Blends for other Applications • Start with the Fundamentals! • Understand the Physical and Chemical Factors Impacting mixture properties of Fluorocarbons • Various Blends offering different trade offs between Flammability, Capacity and GWP • Dupont established already Research Projects with Industry to identify the best options • Account for Non Ideal Behaviors –e.g. Azeotropes • Assumptions of Thermodynamic Ideality can lead to errors • Measurements of Binary Pair Properties • Validate Modeled Performance in Instrumented Laboratory Systems

17. Flammable Refrigerant Regulations In Commercial Stationary Refrigeration and A/C • Europe • Stationary A/C - IEC 60335-2-40, pr EN 378-1-2007, ISO 5149-2006 - Maximum charge size based on LFL, room size, equipment location • Stationary Refrigeration – IEC 60335-2-89 – limit of 150 gram unrestricted. Above 150 gram refer to EN 378 or ISO 5149 for charge size limits • ISO 817 in progress – HFO-1234yf will be classified A2L • USA • Stationary A/C and Refrigeration - • ASHRAE Std 15 - greater than 3 kg requires a machine room. May work to revise for mild flammables (e.g. A2L) • UL has a procedure for requesting addition of refrigerants to their standards and sets specific charge limits based on flammable properties (UL 1995, UL 471) • Japan • No specific regulations, but must follow High Pressure Gas Law as done for R134a

18. Conclusions • I) A sector in permanent transition, mainly driven by regulations • II) Role of HFCs in this changing regulatory framework: • HFC as an immediate solution in response to the first environmental issue addressed by an International Agreement: ozone layer • In replacing HCFCs, HFCs substantially and quickly contribute to reinforce the Ozone layer while limiting the impact on climate change; • III) HFO-1234yf has been shown to be a safe, effective refrigerant for environmentally sustainable solutions for MAC applications • Excellent Potential R-134a replacement for HVACR applications • It is possible to develop reduced GWP blends with good capacity and COP • There may be trade-offs of GWP, Flammability, Performance • Flammability issues must be assessed for safety codes in residential and commercial buildings