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Milton Friedman. Założenia stanowiska. Na podstawie: Nobel Lecture. Odrębność ‘nauk społecznych’ i ‘nauk naturalnych’.
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Milton Friedman. Założenia stanowiska Na podstawie: Nobel Lecture
Odrębność ‘nauk społecznych’ i ‘nauk naturalnych’ F stoi na stanowisku podkreślającym podobieństwa formalne pomiędzy typami nauk. Dostrzega tym samym społeczne uwarunkowania science, co pozwala na podobnym gruncie, jak w przypadkunauknaturalnych analizować ekonomię. Rozpatruje ekonomię jako naukę zajmującym się działającym podmiotem „jako nim samym” (założenie indywidualnej racjonalności w opozycji do racjonalności „zbiorowej”).
Gdzie jest problem i jakie jest rozwiązanie „Many countriesaroundthe world are today experiencing socially destructive inflation, abnormallyhigh unemployment, misuse of economic resources, and, in some cases, thesuppression of human freedom not because evil men deliberately sought toachieve these results, nor because of differences in values among their citizens,but because of erroneous judgments about the consequences of governmentmeasures: errors that at least in principle are capable of being corrected bythe progress of positive economic science”.
Krzywa Philipsa “… there is a stable negative relation between the level of unemployment and the rate of change of wages - high levels of unemployment being accompanied by falling wages, low levels of unemployment by rising wages”.
Problem ze schematem myślenia „The phenomenon ofsimultaneous high inflation and high unemployment increasingly forced itselfon public and professional notice, receiving the unlovely label of <<stagflation>>.
Co w praktyce nie gra? What mattered for employment, we argued, was not wages in dollarsor pounds or kronor but real wages - what the wages would buy in goods andservices. Low unemployment would, indeed, mean pressure for a higher realwage - but real wages could be higher even if nominal wages were lower,provided that prices were still lower. Similarly, high unemployment would,indeed, mean pressure for a lower real wage - but real wages could be lower,even if nominal wages were higher, provided prices were still higher.
Na nasze… Istotnym elementem nie są więc nominalne wskaźniki inflacji, co postrzeganie wartości pieniądza w kategoriach ocen siły nabywczej, która wraz ze wzrostem inflacji spada.
O słabości wizji pełnego zatrudnienia „… key points:what matters is not inflation per se, but unanticipated inflation; there is nostable trade-off between inflation and unemployment; there is a “natural rate of unemployment” (UN), which is consistent with the real f-o-rces and withaccurate perceptions; unemployment can be kept below that level only by anaccelerating inflation; or above it, only by accelerating deflation.
Naturalny poziom bezrobocia „The <<natural rate of unemployment>>, a term I introduced to parallel KnutWicksell’s “natural rate of interest”, is not a numerical constant but dependson “real” as opposed to monetary factors - the effectiveness of the labor market,the extent of competition or monopoly, the barriers or encouragements toworking in various occupations, and so on.
Przyczyny wzrostu określonego poziomu naturalnego bezrobocia I. „… the natural rate has clearly been rising in the United Statesfor two major reasons. First, women, teenagers, and part-time workers havebeen constituting a growing fraction of the labor force”. Zatem wzrost osób czynnych zawodowo wzmaga poziom naturalnego bezrobocia.
II. „Second, unemploymentinsurance and other forms of assistance to unemployed persons have beenmade available to more categories of workers, and have become more generousin duration and amount. Workers who lose their jobs are under less pressure tolook for other work, will tend to wait longer in the hope, generally fulfilled,of being recalled to their former employment, and can be more selective in thealternatives they consider”.
Problem bezrobocia (czy nie problem) „Thereis a tendency to take it for granted that a high level of recorded unemploymentis evidence of inefficient use of resources and conversely. This view is seriousIyin error”. Ergo: zbyt niskie bezrobocie (powyżej poziomu naturalnego) jest świadectwem problemów z efektywnością gospodarki.
