Final Review

1. Final Review English 11

2. Irony • Definition: When the opposite of what one expects is the result • Verbal irony--saying something but meaning something else • Situational irony--when the opposite of what you expect happens • Dramatic irony-- when the audience or reader knows something the character does not

3. Verbal irony • For example, if your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a "walk in the park" it would be verbal irony. • If your voice tone is bitter, it's called sarcasm.

4. Situational irony • Sometimes it makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out. • example: Johnny spent two hours planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day.

5. Dramatic irony • For example, in many horror movies, we (the audience) know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying. • Sometimes the character trusts the killer completely when (ironically) he/she shouldn't.

6. tone • A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and organization. • To identify tone, consider how the piece would sound if read aloud (or how the author wanted it to sound aloud). • Tone can be: playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, somber, etc.

7. foreshadowing • the presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work.

8. Hyperbole • Figurative language that exaggerates. • It is often used in comedy/satire, or to create irony. • Example: "We saw a gas station every five feet when the tank was full, but when we finally needed gas, there wasn't a station for a thousand miles."

9. Figurative language • A word or words that are inaccurate literally but call to mind sensation or evoke reactions. • Metaphors, similes. "All the world's a stage."

10. Simile • A comparison of two seemingly unlike things, using the words “like” or “as.”

11. Metaphor • A comparison between two seemingly unlike things without using any particular wording to create the comparison.

12. imagery • Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind. • Usually this involves the 5 senses. • Authors often use imagery in conjunction with metaphors, similes, figures of speech to convey information about characters.

13. symbolism • Anything that represents or stands for something else. • Usually a symbol is something concrete such as an object, actions, character...that represents something more abstract. • Examples of symbols include the colors in The Great Gatsby, The eyes of Dr. T. J. eckleburg on the billboard in The Great Gatsby, and the Raven in "The Raven".

14. Theme • The central idea or message of a work. • The theme may be directly stated in nonfiction works, although not necessarily. • It is rarely stated directly in fiction. • Theme of grieving for a lost love in “The Raven” • Theme of the Decline of the American dream in The great Gatsby

15. personification • A type of figurative language which attributes human qualities to non-human subjects. • example: The ocean roared in anger at the ship and its crew.

16. Parallel structure • Also known as parallel construction. Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other or repeats patterns two or more times. IT IS THE REPETITION OF STRUCTURE NOT THE REPETITION OF IDEAS IN DIFFERENT WORDS. It may involve two or three modifiers in a row or repeated • beginnings of longer sentences. The author might repeat a preposition, or verbal phrase. Charles Dickens' novel A tale of Two Cities begins with "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness..etc...etc". • Examples #1 Julius Caesar "I came, I saw, I conquered". • #2 She looked tired, frustrated, and disgusted. • #3 (notice the parallel construction of each part, as they are laid out in each new line: A new generation of Americans born in this century tempered by war disciplined by a hard and bitter peace proud of their ancient heritage )

17. Speaker • The one who tells the story or relates the information of the story to the audience • Not necessarily the same as the author or poet • Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby does not necessarily represent Fitzgerald. He is a separate “speaker” that tells the story.

18. motif • A dominant idea or image in a literary work • WEATHER in The Great Gatsby • As in much of Shakespeare’s work, the weather in The Great Gatsbyunfailingly matches the emotional and narrative  tone of the story. Gatsby and Daisy’s reunion begins amid a pouring rain, proving awkward and melancholy; their love reawakens just as the sun begins to come out. Gatsby’s climactic confrontation with Tom occurs on the hottest day of the summer, under the scorching sun (like the fatal encounter between Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet). Wilson kills Gatsby on the first day of autumn, as Gatsby floats in his pool despite a palpable chill in the air—a symbolic attempt to stop time and restore his relationship with Daisy to the way it was five years before, in 1917.

19. Flashback • A narrative device in which the story is told as a memory of the past. • The Great Gatsby is told by Nick after the events that took place during the story.

20. Narration/Point of View • the perspective from which a narrative is told • First person / limited narrator - a narrator speaks as “ I.” A narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character. In the story. • second person – Narrator uses the pronoun “you.” It is often used for “How-to” pieces, but is not often used for telling stories. • Third person - a narrator refers to other characters as he, she, they. The readers knows the actions, thoughts, and feelings of more than one character. Outside the story. • omniscient narrator - a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters. Outside the story.

21. satire • A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. • It targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions. It usually uses wit, irony, parody, caricature, hyperbole, sarcasm. • Good satire is not only funny, but thought provoking. • Saturday night live, Studio C, Mark Twain’s “Advice to youth” and The adventures in huckleberry finn, Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal.”

22. Hyperbole/exaggeration in satire

23. Understatement

24. Invective • Speech that may be directed toward an individual, cause, idea, or system that attacks or denounces it. • He's so dumb, he doesn't know he's alive. (From The Great Gatsby)

25. parody • To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing in order to ridicule the original. • For parody to be successful, the reader must know the original text that is being ridiculed. • American Gothic portrait; multiple sketch comedy skits on Harry Potter or Star Wars

26. Romanticism • a focus on the writer or narrator’s emotions and inner world • celebration of nature, beauty, and imagination • rejection of industrialization, organized religion, rationalism, and social convention • idealization of rural life • inclusion of supernatural or mythological elements • interest in the past • frequent use of personification • experimental use of language and verse forms, including blank verse • emphasis on individual experience of the "sublime"

27. realism • Rejection of the idealized, larger-than-life hero of romantic literature • Detailed depiction of ordinary characters and realistic events • Emphasis on characters from cities and lower classes • Avoidance of the exotic, sensational, and overly dramatic • Use of everyday speech patterns to reveal class distinctions • Focus on the ethical struggles and social issues of real-life situations • Texts: “An Occurrence at Owl Creek bridge,” “war is kind,” “The Story of an hour,” Richard cory,” “minivercheevy,” “we wear the mask” • Remember that satire is a sub-genre of realism!

28. Modernism • Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form, reflecting the fragmentation of society • Rejection of traditional themes, subjects, and forms • Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the American dream • Rejection of sentimentality and artificiality • Heroes are flawed and disillusioned but show “grace under pressure” • Interest in the inner workings of the human mind • Texts: the great Gatsby, “The love song of j. Alfred Prufrock” • Harlem renaissance: Poems by Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes • Southern Gothic: “A Rose for Emily,” “The Life you save may be your own,” “A good man is hard to find”