Grammar CONDITIONALS (Kondicionali)

1. Grammar CONDITIONALS (Kondicionali) - Conditional or If sentences (Kondicionalne, uvjetne ili pogodbene rečenice) • Svaka kondicionalna rečenica se sastoji od dvije klauze: • Main clause (glavna klauza) • If clause (if klauza) • Uvjet je izražen u if klauzi, a u glavnoj klauzi je posljedica ili rezultat tog uvjeta

2. Grammar CONDITIONALS (Kondicionali) • Uvjeti mogu biti realni ili nerealni, ovisno o tipu kondicionala • Klauze mogu mijenjati mjesta u rečenici, bez promjene značenja: I will come if you invite me. If you invite me, I will come. - Ukoliko rečenica počinje if klauzom, u pisanju je uvijek odvajamo zarezom.

3. Grammar CONDITIONALS (Kondicionali) • Postoje četiri tipa kondicionalnih rečenica: 1. Zero Conditional 2. First Conditional 3. Second Conditional 4. Third Conditional

4. Grammar Zero Conditional(Nulti kondicional) • Nultim kondicionalom opisujemo pravila i situacije u kojima jedan događaj uvijek slijedi drugi događaj, te za opisivanje općepoznatih istina i činjenica: If you freeze water, it turns to ice. If you are kind to others, they are kind to you. If you eat a lot of chocolate, you put on weight.

5. Grammar Zero Conditional(Nulti kondicional) • Kod ovih rečenica veznik if = when (kad) FORM: If clause main clause If + Present Simple, Present Simple

6. Grammar First Conditional(Prvi kondicional) • Prvim kondicionalom govorimo o mogućim budućim događajima koji ovise o drugim budućim događajima • Kod 1. kondicionala uvjet je realan, ostvarljiv za budućnost, tj. radnja će se dogoditi ako se ispuni uvjet iz if klauze: If the rain stops, the match will begin. If you go to the Science Museum, you will see a lot of interesting exhibitions. If people don’t stop polluting the air, animals and plants will soon die.

7. Grammar First Conditional(Prvi kondicional)) FORM: If clause Main clause If + Present Simple, will/won’t+infinitive without to

8. Grammar First Conditional(Prvi kondicional) • Postoje i drugi načini tvorbe 1. kondicionala, posebno s modalnim glagolima can, must, may itd: If you have time, we can walk home this evening. You may take this book if you like it.

9. Grammar First Conditional(Prvi kondicional) - 1. kondicional također koristimo za davanje savjeta ili naredbi, te da dajemo sugestije ili postavljamo zahtjeve: If you meet Peter, tell him to phone me. If you feel tired, go to bed. If she faints, call an ambulance at once. FORM: If clause Main clause If + Present Simple, imperative

10. Grammar Unless (Osim ako) • Kod nultog i 1. kondicionala ponekad upotrebljavamo veznik unless + Present Simple da govorimo o događaju koji je moguć, ukoliko ga nešto drugo ne spriječi ili zaustavi: I’ll fail the exam unless they postpone it. = I will fail the exam if they don’t postpone it. She always comes to work unless she is seriously ill. = She always comes to work if she isn’t seriously ill. Iza unless (osim ako) ne možemo upotrebljavati odrični oblik glagola.

11. Grammar Second Conditional(Drugi kondicional) • Drugi kondicional je nerealan za sadašnjost; izražavamo radnju za koju nema vjerovatnoće da će se izvršiti, i takvom rečenicom samo zamišljamo rezultat radnje ako bi se ispunio uvjet iz if klauze: I would come if you invited me. (Došao bih ako bi me pozvao – da me pozoveš) - Ali je činjenica da me još nisi pozvao te, prema tome, uvjet iz if klauze nije ispunjen i rezultat – “došao bih” – samo zamišljamo.

12. Grammar Second Conditional(Drugi kondicional) - Drugi kondicional koristimo da: • Govorimo o zamišljenim, nemogućim ili malo vjerovatnim događajima u budućnosti: If I become a famous person, I’d fight for animal rights. (the event is unlikely, and the sentence is about the future) If the World Champions lost the match, everybody would be surprised.

13. Grammar Second Conditional(Drugi kondicional) 2. Da govorimo o nemogućim ili nerealnim situacijama u sadašnjosti: If we had a villa in the Caribbean, we would spend our holidays there. (the situation is impossible to fulfil now, and the sentence refers to the present – we don’t have a villa in the Caribbean) If I weren’t overweight, I wouldn’t be on a diet. (I’m on a diet because I’m overweight)

14. Grammar Second Conditional(Drugi kondicional) - 2. kondicionalom možemo davati savjete, često korištenjem izraza If I were you (da sam na tvom mjestu), dakle kada se zamišljamo u poziciji neke druge osobe: If I were you, I wouldn’t speak to her. - Past Tense u ovakvim izrazima nema karakter prošlosti, već izražava nešto željeno ili zamišljeno za sadašnjost.

15. Grammar Second Conditional(Drugi kondicional) FORM: If clause Main clause If + Past Simple, would/could/might + infinitive without to • 2. kondicional prevodimo u naš jezik: • Main clause kondicionalom, if clause veznikom “da” i sadašnjim vremenom: I would come if you invited me. (Došao bih da me pozoveš) • Main clause kondicionalnom, if clause veznikom “ako”, “kad” i kondicionalom: I would come if you invited me. (Došao bih ako/kad bi me pozvao)

16. Grammar Third Conditional(Treći kondicional) • Ove rečenice su nerealne i odnose se na prošlost • Kondicionalne rečenice ovog tipa označavaju radnju koja se više ni u kom slučaju ne može desiti, s obzirom da je sve to prošlo i ne može se više vratiti • Ovakvim rečenicama govorimo o nerealnim situacijama u prošlosti, zamišljamo stvari koje se nisu dogodile, te da izražavamo žaljenja za nekim prošlim situacijama:

17. Grammar Third Conditional(Treći kondicional) If the weather had been better, we would have gone sailing. (The weather was bad and we didn’t go sailing.) If I had known you were ill, I would have phoned you. (I didn’t know you were ill so I didn’t phone you.) If you had told me you were in a hurry, I could have given you a lift. (You didn’t tell me you were in a hurry and I didn’t give you a lift although it was possible.)

18. Grammar Third Conditional(Treći kondicional) FORM: If clause Main clause If + Past Perfect, would/could/might + have + third form of the verb - 3. kondicional se u naš jezik prevodi prošlim vremenom: I would have come if you had invited me. (Došao bih da si me pozvao.)

19. Phrases Rush hour – Špica, saobraćajna gužva To do (go) sightseeing – razgledati znamenitosti nekog mjesta A short time ago – prije kratkog vremena To look (to be) all right – izgledati (biti) dobr Any time – bilo kada, kadgod To be sick, to feel sick – biti, osjećati se bolesnim To be (sea, air, car, bus) sick – patiti od (morske itd.) bolesti To be ready – biti gotov, spreman