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Understanding Planetary Motion: Rotation, Orbits, and Kepler's First Law

Chapter 20 Section 4 delves into the fundamental concepts of planetary motion, focusing on the definitions of rotation, orbit, and revolution. It explains how a planet spins on its axis (rotation), the path it follows as it travels around another body (orbit), and the completion of one trip around an orbit (revolution). Additionally, Kepler’s First Law is introduced, highlighting that planets move in elliptical orbits rather than perfect circles, providing insight into the complex movements of celestial bodies.

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Understanding Planetary Motion: Rotation, Orbits, and Kepler's First Law

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  1. Section 4

    Chapter 20

  2. Planetary Motion Rotation – when a planet spins on its axis Orbit – the path that a body follows as it travels around another body in space Revolution – one complete trip around an orbit
  3. Kepler’s 1st Law Planets move in elliptical orbits Ellipse– an elongated circle Also described as a closed curve in which the sum of the distances from the edge of the curve to two points (foci) inside the ellipse is always the same. Major axis: is the maximum length of an ellipse Semi-major axis: half of the major axis called an astronomical unit or AU (avg. distance between the Earth and the Sun.)
  4. This diagram is similar to what we did during our Kepler Ellipse Lab
  5. Kepler’s 2nd Law Planets move faster when closer to the sun To keep the area of Aequal to the area of B, the planet must move farther around its orbit in the same amount of time
  6. Kepler’s 3rd Law The 3rd Law explains the relationship between the period of a planet’s revolution and its semi-major axis. p2 = a3 (see page 631 – Math Practice) If you know the planet’s period of revolution, you can calculate that planets distance from the sun.
  7. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation As the mass increases, the gravitational attraction increases As the mass decreases, the gravitational attraction decreases As the distance apart increases, the gravitational attraction decreases As the distance apart decreases, the gravitational attraction increases
  8. Example from previous slide…
  9. Falling Down & Around The gravitational pull of the Earth is actually keeping the moon from flying off in a straight path.
  10. 21.5 Small Bodies in the Solar System Comets – small bodies of ice, rock and cosmic dust (loosely packed) Formed in the cold, outer solar system Left over from when the planets formed
  11. Comet Tails Ion (eye on) Tail – made of charged particles Dust Tail – made of cosmic dust (pieces of rock) Nucleus – solid center of a comet and can range in size from less than a half of a kilometer to more than 100 km in diameter
  12. Comet Orbits Move in ellipses Ion tail always points away from the sun Dust tail follows the orbit
  13. Comet Origins Oort Cloud – a spherical region that surrounds the solar system Kuiper (Kyper) Belt - the region outside the orbit of Neptune
  14. Asteroids Small rocky bodies that revolve around the sun Range in size from a few meters to more than 900 km in diameter. Irregular shapes (larger ones are spherical) Originated from the formation of the solar system Orbit the sun in the asteroid belt Asteroid Belt – wide region between Mars and Jupiter
  15. Asteroid Belt
  16. Types of Asteroids Reddish-brown to black in color – rich in organic material and found in the outermost region Dark gray surfaces are rich in carbon Light-gray - Innermost part of the asteroid belt have either a stony or metallic composition
  17. Meteoroids – All are much smaller than Asteroids Meteoroid – found in the void of space Meteorite – reaches the Earth’s surface Meteor – burning through our atmosphere
  18. Meteor Showers Occur when Earth passes through the dusty debris that comets leave behind
  19. Types of Meteorites Stony Metallic Stony-iron
  20. Role of Impacts An impact happens when an object in space collides with another object in space. Craters are left behind Many planets and moons have craters An atmosphere will prevent many craters…Why?
  21. Meteor Crater – Arizona, USA
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