Industrial Change – South Wales

1. Industrial Change – South Wales These icons indicate that teacher’s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates that the slide contains activities created in Flash. These activities are not editable. For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Started presentation. 1 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2005

2. Industrial change: South Wales • Why did heavy manufacturing industry locate in South Wales? • How did location factors change? • Why has heavy manufacturing industry declined? • What are the consequences of industrial decline? Learning objectives

3. Map of South Wales

4. What is heavy manufacturing? Heavy manufacturing is a secondary industry that makes large and heavy goods using bulky raw materials such as coal. After 1860, steel production began to replace iron production. Steel was less brittle than iron.

5. Iron and steel industry in the 1850s

6. Iron and steel industry in South Wales

7. British Empire

8. Iron and steel industry in South Wales

9. Industrial change: South Wales • Why did heavy manufacturing industry locate in South Wales? • How did location factors change? • Why has heavy manufacturing industry declined? • What are the consequences of industrial decline? Learning objectives

10. How did location factors change?

11. What is an integrated steelworks? In anintegratedsteelworks, all stages of manufacture take place on one site. The coastal location of Port Talbot provided large areas of flat land for these steelworks. BOC at Port Talbot

12. What happens in the blast furnace?

13. Integrated steelworks

14. How have location factors changed?

15. Industrial change: South Wales • Why did heavy manufacturing industry locate in South Wales? • How did location factors change? • Why has heavy manufacturing industry declined? • What are the consequences of industrial decline? Learning objectives

16. Why has heavy manufacturing declined? Deindustrialization is the decline of the manufacturing industry and the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors. The decline of the iron and steel industry in South Wales has continued – there is only one remaining steelworks in South Wales, located at Port Talbot. The Llanwern steelworks closed in 2001 causing 1340 jobs to be lost. What is the reason behind the decline? Globalisation means that industries now compete on a global scale and many countries are producing steel at competitive prices. Sometimes it is cheaper for companies to look abroad for steel and other manufactured goods!

17. Industrial change: South Wales • Why did heavy manufacturing industry locate in South Wales? • How did location factors change? • Why has heavy manufacturing industry declined? • What are the consequences of industrial decline? Learning objectives

18. Consequences of industrial decline

19. Examination question Describe the changes in the jobs available in mining since 1925. number of collieries number of miners (‘000s)

20. Tower Colliery in Hirwaun near Merthyr Tydfil The colliery was established in 1864. It was closed by British Coal when it became too expensive to mine the narrow seams. Coal can be imported more cheaply from abroad. Tower Colliery reopened in 1995. It is owned and run by the miners themselves and is the last deep mine in Wales.

21. Consequences of industrial decline

22. Environmental consequences Merthyr Tydfil was the centre of the iron industry. Grassed-over scarred hillsides (previous iron ore workings) near Merthyr Tydfil. The site of the closed steelworks at Ebbw Vale.

23. Consequences of industrial decline

24. Political consequences of industrial decline Due to the high unemployment in the Valleys the government has declared the region a Development Area. This means that industries are encouraged to the area by offering them incentives such as grants, reduced business rates, planning permission and premises. Sources of Regional Assistance European Regional Development Fund WDA (Welsh Development Agency) UK Government

25. New industry in South Wales

26. Lucky Goldstar in Newport Lucky Goldstar in trouble ! LG built the factory in Newport but it failed to invest the full £1.7 billion or create the 6,100 jobs promised in 1996. The massive South Korean multinational was affected by the financial crisis in South-East Asia. At its peak 2000 people worked at the Newport site and in August 2003 the factory closed down. At the time 870 people were working there. The closure was blamed on a downturn in the market and increased competition.

27. Inward investment: good or bad?

28. Examination question

29. Industrial change quiz

30. Industrial change: South Wales • The iron and steel industry is an example of a heavy manufacturing industry. The industry grew up in the South Wales Valleys at places such as Ebbw Vale because of the availability of raw materials. The British Empire provided a ready market for the products. • Modern integrated steelworks located at the coast to provide a large flat site and for the import of raw materials; this is called a break-of-bulk location. • Labour, government policy, transport and markets are other location factors. • Globalisation is a major contributor to the decline of the South Wales steel industry. Port Talbot is the only remaining steelworks in South Wales. • Industrial decline results in a range of social, economic, environmental and political consequences. Key ideas