Consciousness

1. Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

2. Sleep • Circadian Rhythm (“about a day”) • Related to body temperature • Rises as morning approaches • Peaks during the day • Drops before bed • Pulled an all-nighter? • When do you feel the most tired? • When do you start to feel better?

3. Experiments in circadian rhythm Experiment consists of subjects living without cues of day or night Or any scheduled activities What would you do?

4. Rhythm of sleep • Experiments on subjects in sleep labs • Subjects hooked up to EEGs • EEGs of sleep not studied until 1952

5. Alpha waves-awake and relaxed Stage 1 Lasts about 2 minutes--Have you ever heard “sleeptalking”? Stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes. Stage 3 is transitional Stage 4 is deepest sleep-delta waves Begin to go back up through stages Sleep stages

6. Sleep stages After cycle through once, you enter REM sleep Genital arousal Paradoxical sleep If awaken during REM, 80% of time will recall dream Sleep cycle last about 90 minutes. Spend less time in stages 3 & 4 Spend more and more time in REM sleep as night progresses

7. Sleep Deprivation • How much sleep do you need? • Newborns sleep ¾ of their day • Adolescents need more sleep than adults • Individual sleep needs vary greatly • May be genetically influenced (twin studies) • Ultimately, as much as it takes not to feel sleepy

8. Effects of Sleep deprivation • General sense of disinterest • Lack of energized sense of well-being • Impaired creativity and concentration • Diminished immunity to disease • Slight hand tremors • accidents

9. Irritability anxiety Effects of sleep deprivation, continued:

10. Effects of sleep deprivation • Slowed performance • Misperceptions on monotonous tasks sometimes with disastrous results

11. Sleep deprivation • Randy Gardner went 11 days without sleep • Had hallucinations • Still able to perform short, high motivation tasks such as pinball

12. Why do We sleep? • 2 hypothesis • Hides up out of harms way • Ancestors were safer if the slept at night • Animals who don’t fear predators sleep less (elephants, horses sleep 3-4 hours)

13. Why do we sleep? • May be necessary for growth process • Pituitary gland releases growth hormone during sleep

14. Chapter 7 – Sleep Disorders There are 70 different sleep disorders … does anyone have one?

15. Klein-Levin Disorder People sleep for days During this time they may walk to the bathroom or refrigerator without ever knowing they left their bed Vary rare

16. Eric Haller’s Sleep Disorder New Delhi: Most of us think we don't get enough sleep. Meet Eric Haller whose whole life is a non-stop battle against sleep. He's only 15 years old, but he's in a race against time. Eric Haller seizes every moment on the basketball court and at home or with friends. Simple things other people take for granted are precious to Eric because it's just a matter of time before he slips into an altered state. Eric suffers from a rare disorder that results in him sleeping for up to 20 hours at a time. "You're not aware of where you are, what you're doing. It's pretty stressful. Sometimes it's depressing," says Haller. Buried beneath a blanket, Eric gets up only to use the bathroom or for a quick bite. So rare is the disorder that many medical researchers have never even heard of it. Eric's illness is called the Klein Levin Syndrome and is marked by episodes of excessive sleep, as well as combative and childlike behavior. There are only about 500 documented cases of Klein Levin Syndrome in the world. And unfortunately, there's been almost no research into the condition. Each episode can last for weeks, even months. Eric has missed school, holidays and a large part of his childhood. His mother, Loerry Haller, says he usually falls into an episode twice a month and sometimes his sleeping spells can even last a week or longer.

17. He's going through so much agony right now and it's a little hell that he's in. He cries and asks me when he’s going to get better? He has no control and that's very frustrating knowing that he's losing part of his life," says she. Loerry says her son began to get sick in the 6th grade. She took him to specialists and psychologists who told her Eric was either depressed, or on drugs, or even faking his condition. It took two years until a doctor finally reached a diagnosis. Dr David Palton, a psychologist, stumbled on the answer in a 20-year-old textbook. "It talked about a case of a 17-year-old girl who would go to sleep a couple weeks at a time," said Dr Palton. However, Dr Palton adds that a cure is yet to be discovered. And till someone comes up with a cure, patients like Eric will just have to try and live around the condition. DEEP SLEEP: Eric Haller seizes every moment with friends as he can slip into an altered state anytime. Lets watch the video about Eric: http://www.ibnlive.com/news/sleeping-for-weeks-at-a-stretch/3627-17.html#

18. Hypnophobics Fear of going to sleep Hypnalgia Dreaming pain

19. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Problem falling or staying asleep-persistent • Not the normal inability to sleep when anxious or excited • We often underestimate the amount of sleep we actually get

20. "Pastor I can't begin to tell you how your sermon met my needs today. I've been suffering from incurable insomnia for weeks.”

21. Most Common Quick Fixes • Sleeping pills • Alcohol Dangerous: * Prevent you from entering REM sleep • Tolerance • Rebound effect

22. Natural Alternatives • Relax before going to bed • Avoid caffeine • Drink milk (gives serotonin) • Sleep on a regular schedule • Avoid naps • Exercise regularly • Don’t worry about it

23. Sleep Apnea When a person has temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequently reawakens Symptoms: certain kind of snoring

24. Causes: enlarged tonsils, infections in the throat, and obesity

25. Night Terrors A sleep disorder characterized by a high arousal and an appearance of being terrified Often accompanied by sleepwalking and sleep talking

26. Narcolepsy Suddenly falling asleep or feeling sleepy during the day “Sleep attacks” 1 in 20,000 Narco = numbness Lepsy = seizure

27. Real Life Examples: Gary Beattie used to work in construction, until he fell asleep 7m up a ladder. He not only loses consciousness, his body becomes paralysed in a so-called cataleptic attack. He says that showing emotion sparks the paralysing attacks and that has forced him to avoid laughing and crying. Bill Baird worked in finance but describes his stockbroking days as a race. The emotion of closing a deal would bring on a fit; he had constantly to hope he could get a client's signature before his almost inevitable collapse. His sleep is restless, with vivid nightmares when he is able to hear his surroundings while seeing terrifying hallucinations.

28. Triggered by High Emotion: These sleep attacks usually only occur for about 5 minutes, but occur at inopportune times: • Terrific softball swing • Laughing loudly • Shouting angrily • Having sex

29. Narcoleptic Dog • narcoleptic dog

30. What do we dream about? • Psychology today survey: • 95% remember dream • 68% report recurring dream • 39% report “lucid dreaming” • 28% have died in their dream • Symbolism of death? • “death of obsolete self image and rebirth into more authentic self” • 45% dream about celebrities • Who?

31. Hall and Van de Castel research • Most dreams are rather commonplace • Occur in familiar settings with people they know • Aggression slightly more common than friendliness

32. Misfortune and failure occur in dreams more often than success

33. Most common emotion? apprehension

34. Sexual Content? • Male dreams? • 12% • Female dreams? • 4% • All these findings the same in 1950 and 1980

35. Falling—83% Being attacked or pursued-77% Griffith, Miyago and Tago analysis

36. Trying repeatedly to do something-71% • Schools, teachers, studying-71%

37. Arriving too late-- 64%

38. Eating-62%

39. Being frozen with fright-58%

40. A loved one dying-57% Being locked up—56%

41. Finding money-56% Swimming-52%

42. Snakes-49% Being inappropriately dressed-46%

43. Being nude-43% • Fire-41% • Failing an exam-39%

44. Seeing yourself dead-33% • Killing someone-26%

45. men women Men v. Women

46. What do we dream, cont. • Manifest content • The story line of our dreams • Sometimes incorporates traces of previous day’s experiences and preoccupations • Sensory stimuli of our sleeping can intrude

47. Why do we dream? • Freud talks about LATENT content • Expression of unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly • “Safety valve” to discharge unacceptable feelings. • Believed that most dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes.

48. Information Processing theories • Sift, sort and fix the day’s experiences in our Memory • If REM sleep is disrupted or prevented, subjects did not remember new learning. • “sleep on it” to remember new learning • Students with high grades average 25 minutes more sleep and go to bed 40 minutes earlier than students who average “C’s” and “D’s”.

49. Physiological functions theories • REM Sleep provides neurological stimulation and may develop and preserve neural pathways • Infants spend a great deal of time in REM sleep

50. Activation Synthesis Theories • Neural Activity is random • Activity in visual centers create random images • Activity in Limbic system provides emotion • Frontal lobes are relatively inactive-inhibitions lowered • Because the brain exists to make sense of the world, we impose a storyline on top of this random activity.