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1. Spain By: Emily Davila

2. Period of Expansion • 1469 - There is a marriage between Prince Ferdinand ( of Aragon and king of Sicily) and princess Isabella of Castile. • The Catholic Monarchs • 1480 - Jews were targeted and so were the Islamic beliefs. Isabella and Ferdinand begin to drive the Muslims from Granada. • 1492 - the Muslims are defeated. People (Jews) who did not adapt to Christian beliefs were driven out of the country. This is the year when Ferdinand and Isabella sent Christopher Columbus on a voyage to the Americas. (He landed on the Caribbean) • 1494 - The treaty of Tordesillasbetween Spain and Portugal. Agreed on a line that divided the “New World” between these two countries. • 1516 - Charles of Burgundy becomes king of Castile. The lands of Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg are under the Spanish Empire.

3. Period of Expansion • 1519 - Charles V becomes “Holy Roman” emperor. Cortez lands in Mexico and in 1521 Hernan Cortez conquers the Aztecs of Mexico. The ban of Lutheran books, beliefs. • Hernan Cortez • Successfully overthrew the Aztec Empire • Personally governed Mexico from 1521-1524 • 1532- Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Atahualpa- South America • Francisco Pizarro • Conqueror of the Inca Empire • Founder of Lima • Led Spanish troops to invade Cuzco in 1533, thus sealing the conquest of Peru

4. Period of Expansion • Pedro de Alvarado • Governor of Guatemala and conquistador of Spain • Known for his skill as a soldier • During a trip to Spain in 1537, he had the governorship of the Honduras as well as Guatemala. • 1550 - Spain is now ruler of Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Southwestern United States, and Western South America. • 1580 - Spain invades and Conquers Portugal. • 1588 - King Philip sends the Spanish Armada to go against the English fleet; yet they were defeated. • 1618-1648 - The outbreak of the Thirty Years War; great finance. • 1635- France goes into war with Spain • -1640- rebellion of Catalonia and Portugal

5. Centralization Of Government • The era between 1450 and 1750 some of the old feudal kings took power to allow their kingdoms to sponsor the expensive sea voyages necessary for colonization in the New World. • Three countries that were formed were Spain, France and England. • In all three cases the monarch decreased the power of the nobles and centralized the government around him. • The kings came up with new ways to raise money for their interests; they came up with new taxes, fines, and fees. • The kings build up great armies to defeat the nobles who opposed them. In England, king henry VIII took over Catholic Monasteries to gain more wealth and land right after he separated the English church from Rome. • English kings also kept control over the nobles by creating a justice system controlled by the royalty.

6. The Economy • The Age of Exploration allowed for exchanges among Africa, Asia, and Europe across some overland routes but also via seaways in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea • Spain’s wealth in the 16th and 17th century was thanks to trade to and from the colonies and other countries. The best example of this trade is the Manila Galleons that traveled back and forth for 250 years to Manila and to Mexico and back to Spain. The Galleons were well armed and transported Luxury Asian goods to Mexico and returned full with Gold and Silver. The riches made Spain powerful. • Curiosity and a desire for riches • “God, glory, and Gold” • 1702- Beginning of War of Spanish Succession and in 1714 the War of Spanish Succession ends; Spain looses all European Territory. Aragon, Valencia, and Catalonia looses self government.