Primary Secondary Tertiary Quatern
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Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary. Protein Structure. Energy. Outline. I. Introduction A. Metabolism B. Energy defined II. Laws of Thermodynamics
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quatern
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Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Protein Structure
Outline I. Introduction A. Metabolism B. Energy defined II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy Transfer in Living Systems A. Chemical Reactions B. ATP
Metabolism • All the chemical reactions that occur in the cell • Capacity to get and use energy to build, store, break down, and eliminate substances necessary for growth and reproduction • Catabolism: reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones e.g. digestion energy released • Anabolism: reactions that build larger molecules from small ones e.g. protein built from AA subunits energy required
Energy • Definition: the ability to do work, cause change • Energy obtained from some cellular reactions is used for fueling other reactions • Thermodynamics: The study of energy
Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st Law: Energy in the universe is constant • Energy can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed • Also known as the Energy Conservation law • True for a closed system
Heat and Entropy • Heat is energy and can do work (steam engine) • Conversion of any form or energy into heat is not fully reversible, not all heat is usable energy • Heat “lost”=energy no longer capable of doing work • Heat is “low quality” energy • Unusable heat associated with disorder (entropy) • Energy flows from high quality to low quality
Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st Law: Energy in the universe is constant • Energy can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed • Also known as the Energy Conservation law • True for a closed system • 2nd Law: Disorder in the universe is increasing • Entropy: measure of disorder • In a closed system entropy increases
Maintaining Order • Systems tend toward disorder • How do you explain order of a cell, or an organism? • Input of energy required to maintain order
Energy Transfer in Living Systems • Each chemical reaction in a cell has reactants and products • 2 types of chemical reactions: • Exergonic: energy released meaning reactants have more energy than products. Occur spontaneously • Endergonic: energy required meaning reactants have less energy than products • Sometimes these reactions are coupled
Energy Transfer in Living Systems • Metabolic Pathway: series of chemical reactions • Often have reactants which are complexed into one or more intermediates before final products A + B → C → D → E + F Where A, B are reactants C, D are intermediates E,F products Specific enzymes required at each step (each arrow) • Chemical equilibrium: recall this occurs when forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate. Concentrations of reactants and products are stable but not necessarily equal
ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Nucleotide based molecule- ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups • Cellular energy, powers cellular work • Bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis ATP + H2O ↔ ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + energy • Phosphate groups all negative-repulse each other, like a coiled spring
