The Union in Peril

1. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery

2. Top Senators of 1850s John C. Calhoun � SC, slaveholder, wanted slavery to expand Henry Clay � KY, �Great Compromiser� Daniel Webster � MA, opposed expansion of slavery in territories

3. Differences Between North and South The North was became more reliant upon industry Railroads and communication systems linked regions Immigrants provided needed labor Large cities emerged along transportation crossroads

4. Differences Between North and SOUTH The South relied on cotton as their primary cash crop They used slave labor, not wage labor Felt slavery was best for both owner and slave

5. Pres. Zachary Taylor Taylor pushed for the immediate admission of CA and NM as free slaves, enraging the South The South spoke of seceding The Wilmot Proviso will be presented to Congress, further angering the South

6. Slavery in the Territories The Missouri Compromise, 1820, outlawed slavery in any new states north of 36� 30� Most of the new territory was north of the line, assuring the north of few new slave states New land from Mexico meant that additional land was open to slavery

7. Wilmot Proviso David Wilmot, PA, opposed the expansion of slavery on the new land His proposed bill would forbid slavery in all new territory The bill failed, but showed the regional differences in Congress

8. Sectional Differences Congress already divided over South�s refusal to vote for additional internal improvements in the North Additional slave or free states would tip the balance of power It was inevitable that the South would lose power in the Senate

9. Sectional Differences �The North is going to stick the Wilmot amendment to every appropriation and then all the South will vote against any measure thus clogged. �.. I tell you the prospect ahead is dark, cloudy, thick and gloomy.� Alexander Stephens Future VP of CSA

10. California California applied for statehood immediately after the Gold Rush Their constitution forbade slavery Pres. Zachary Taylor supported the new free state.

11. Popular Sovereignty Leaders began talking about allowing the states to decide about the issue of slavery Southerners saw this as a way to limit slavery They began to talk about seceding from the Union.

12. Senate Debates The issue of slavery and slave territory escalates when CA asks to enter the Union and TX takes some of NM as slave territory Henry Clay, the �Great Compromiser� worked out another plan (he also wrote the Missouri Compromise)

13. Compromise of 1850 Clay�s plan included: CA enters Union as a free state TX got $10 million to settle border NM and UT got popular sovereignty DC ended the slave trade The South got a stronger Fugitive Slave Law

14. Compromise of 1850 This was the last senatorial debate between the 3 giants Henry Clay, KY - author Daniel Webster, MA � argued for the Compromise to save the Union John Calhoun, SC � argued against the Compromise and insisted on Southern equal rights in the new territories

15. Compromise of 1850 Opponents seemed to have the edge until President Taylor suddenly died, who opposed Clay�s plan Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise The Compromise passed after they were voted on separately

16. Compromise of 1850 � the final solution

17. Stephen Douglas Douglas, from Chicago, IL, wants to build the transcontinental railroad with a northern route, naturally through Chicago His idea of popular sovereignty was recommended to encourage settlement in Kansas and Nebraska

18. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 Section 2 Protest, Resistance and Violence

19. Anthony Burns Affair One of the first �victims� of the Fugitive Slave Act was runaway slave, Anthony Burns He was captured in Boston and sent back south in shackles �We went to bed one nigh old-fashioned, conservative, compromise Union Whigs and waked up stark mad Abolitionists�

20. Fugitive Slave Act Burns and other runaways were captured, had a hearing and returned, at government expense, to slavery

21. Fugitive Slave Act Slaves could not defend themselves or have their case heard by a jury Judges were paid $10 to find a man a slave but only $5 if he determined that the man was free

22. Underground Railroad Although faced with fines and jail, some northerners helped the runaways escape to Canada States passed personal liberty laws to guarantee runaways a trial by jury to slow down the return to slavery

23. Underground Railroad Using terms from the new railroads, some people, like Harriet Tubman, entered the South repeatedly to sneak slaves to safety. Depots along the way left clues to help runaways

24. Underground Railroad Most slaves who made it north were from the upper South Most slaves who were caught escaping were sold to the deep South where escape was nearly impossible. The Craft family was an exception

25. Harriet Beecher Stowe The daughter of the avid abolitionist, Lyman Beecher, Stowe witnessed numerous escapes from slavery She wrote �Uncle Tom�s Cabin�, an historical fiction novel that highlighted the struggle for freedom

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe In her book, the evil overseer, Simon Legree, was going to sell Eliza�s son. Legree whipped Tom so badly that he died. �So you�re the little lady who started this great war� A. Lincoln

27. Kansas and Nebraska Sen. Stephen Douglas and his wealthy backers wanted the planned railroad to run through their city of Chicago He needed to populate the northern tier of states since the south was settled west to TX

28. Stephen Douglas To encourage farmers to settle there he pushed the idea of allowing the settler decide if they want slavery before being admitted into the Union He wanted to appeal to the North and the South because he planned to run for president

29. Stephen Douglas It was unlikely that either state would want slaves since plantation crops did not grow there This nullified the Missouri Compromise

30. Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglass introduced the act to establish popular sovereignty and promote settlement The North saw it as a way to expand slavery and the South voted against it. The bill passed with Pierce�s help

31. Kansas-Nebraska Act

32. Kansas-Nebraska Act Settlers, mostly non-slave holders, moved to Kansas In 1855 they held an election to determine if the majority were in favor or slavery or not

33. Border Ruffians Border ruffians from Missouri came over the border an voted like a Miami-native (early & often) The Lecompton Constitution made Kansas a slave state even though most actual residents did not want slaves

34. Sack of Lawrence Anti-slavery settlers founded Lawrence A pro-slavery jury found them to be traitors and called for their arrest About 800 militia razed the town

35. Pottawatomie Massacre Looking for revenge, John Brown believed that God wanted him to kill proslavery settlers.

36. Pottawatomie Massacre Brown and his followers savagely killed 5 men The massacre led to so much other violence in Kansas, people called it �Bleeding Kansas�

37. Crimes Against Kansas Violence did not stop in Kansas Sen. Charles Sumner, MA gave is Crimes against Kansas speech where he made derogatory remarks Sen. Andrew Butler, SC Butler�s nephew beat Sumner so badly with a cane he was unable to return to DC for 3 years

38. Failed Policies The Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1851 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the country rather than ease its tensions. It 5 years, it will be at war.

39. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 Section 3 The Birth of the Republican Party

40. Horace Greeley Editor for the NY Times, Greeley frequently wrote editorials against slavery His strong feelings put him at odds with his party, the Whigs, causing him to form the Republican Party His feelings reflecting America�s changing attitudes

41. Election of 1852 The Whig Party split over the issue of slavery The northern Whigs opposed the Fugitive Slave Act The southern Whigs opposed any restrictions in slavery

42. Election of 1852 The Whigs nominated Gen. Winfield Scott The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce The split party did not stand a chance and Pierce was elected the 14th president.

44. Nativism The expanding country, industrial changes and increasing numbers of immigrants caused some people to fear changes Their fear took the form of secret organizations opposed to non-Americans

45. Nativism The Star Spangled Banner party was one of those groups whose platform as anti-immigrant Another group, when asked about themselves, would respond, �I know nothing.� They were called the Know Nothing Party

46. Nativism Like the Whig Party, the nativist parties split over the issue of slavery, allowing Democrats to win Some nativists and anti-slavery Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854

47. Third Parties The Liberty Party and the Free-Soil Party ran with the anti-slavery platform. The Liberty Party never won an election but pulled so many votes from New York, it caused Henry Clay to lose in 1844

48. Third Parties He Free Soil Party took 10% of the vote in 1848 Not enough to win an election but enough backing to have their anti-slavery issue get noticed

49. Republican Party Like the Whig Party, the nativist parties split over the issue of slavery, allowing Democrats to win Some nativists and anti-slavery Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854

50. Republican Party The Republicans opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and tried to bring back the Missouri Comp. The events in Kansas gave them the issues needed to unite into a formidable party by 1856

51. Election of 1856 The Democrats � James Buchanan Republican � John C. Fremont American � Millard Fillmore No one received a majority vote but Buchanan won the election

53. Election of 1856 The Democrats � James Buchanan Republican � John C. Fremont American � Millard Fillmore No one received a majority vote but Buchanan won the election

54. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 Section 4 Slavery and Secession

55. Election of 1858 In his home state of Illinois, Abraham Lincoln ran for senator against Stephen Douglass. Lincoln lost. It would be the last time he lost to Douglas

56. Dred Scott Dred Scott was a slave who belonged to John Emerson Emerson was an Army surgeon who brought Scott while he traveled from the slave territory of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and Wisconsin.

57. Dred Scott After they returned to Missouri, Emerson died Scott sued for his freedom since he lived in a free state and territory The case went to the Supreme Court and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the majority opinion

58. Dred Scott Decision The Court decided that: Scott was still a slave Taney could have ended, but added: Slaves are not citizens and have no right to sue Congress could not forbid slavery in any territory Owners could bring their property into any state.

59. Dred Scott Reaction Southerners were jubilant Northerners were disgusted. The decision meant that no state could outlaw slavery.

60. And Back in Kansas Kansas voted to decide if their constitution would allow slavery Missouri ruffians came over the border and voted several times When the vote was tallied, more people voted (though illegally) to make Kansas a slave state.

61. And Back in Kansas The proslavery government wrote the Lecompton Constitution The antislavery forces wrote the Topeka Constitution Buchanan sided with the proslavery forces Stephen Douglas convinced Congress to back antislavery settlers

62. And Back in Kansas The proslavery government wrote the Lecompton Constitution The antislavery forces wrote the Topeka Constitution Buchanan sided with the proslavery forces Stephen Douglas convinced Congress to back antislavery settlers

63. Lincoln-Douglas Debates In the 1858 Illinois Senate race a little-known, backwoods farmer ran against a two-term, well funded professional politician The �Little Giant�, Stephen Douglas met Abe Lincoln in a series of debates.

64. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln Slavery immoral Accused D. of defending Dred Scott decision Douglas Popular sovereignty Accused L. of wanting equality

65. Freeport Doctrine Lincoln asked how a settler could know a territory would be non-slave before applying for statehood. Douglas replied that slavery could not exist if there were no laws protecting slaveholder property His presidential bid was over and the Democratic party split further

66. John Brown is Back Brown thought that God had told him to start a slave uprising His plan was to arm the slaves and let them kill their masters Harpers Ferry (WV) was the arsenal he hoped would provide the arms

67. John Brown is Back Brown captured the town and many of its residents but no slaves came Col. Robert E. Lee captured Brown He was put on trial, found guilty and hung

68. John Brown is Dead The North did not condone Brown�s actions but treated him as a martyr The South grew fearful of other planned insurrections.

69. Election of 1860 The 6 year old Republican Party held their 2nd presidential convention in Chicago William Seward was the favorite but had acquired enemies within the party over handling the slave states

70. Election of 1860 Lincoln�s name was nominated on the 3rd ballot Southerners felt that Lincoln was a �black republican� who wanted immediate emancipation Lincoln was satisfied for slavery to stay where it existed and never wanted equality

71. Election of 1860 Lincoln won the northern states. The middle and southern states split their votes among 3 other candidates: Breckinridge, Douglas, and Bell

72. Secession Between election day in November and when Lincoln took the oath of office the following March, Pres. Buchanan watched as the South prepared to secede from the Union This is one of many reasons why Buchanan is rated as our worse president in history

73. Secession South Carolina was the first to secede. Its population celebrated with fireworks and parties Mississippi seceded 3 weeks later followed by Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas

74. Secession Delegates from the seceded states met to form the Confederate States of America (CSA) They wrote a new constitution acknowledging states� rights and slavery Jefferson Davis � President Alexander Stephens � V. President

75. Secession The more educated of the day knew that this was not a problem that would be solved peacefully Gen. Tecumseh Sherman (future Union soldier who takes GA) wrote that the division would result in bloodshed.