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Understanding EKGs

This guide provides an in-depth understanding of EKG vectors and normal waves, including the P, QRS, and T waves, along with their characteristics. Learn about the direction and magnitude of vectors, how they can be combined to form resultant vectors, and the significance of the P-R interval and ST segment in EKG interpretation. Key wave characteristics are discussed, including duration, amplitude, and normal polarity, helping clinicians accurately assess cardiac function.

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Understanding EKGs

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  1. Understanding EKGs

  2. Vectors • A vector has direction • A vector has magnitude • Vectors can be added or summated

  3. Vector A Vector B Resultant Vector A + B

  4. EKG 2

  5. EKG 3

  6. Normal Waves of the EKG • P wave – atrial depolarization • Ta wave – atrial repolarization • Q wave – initial negative deflection from ventricular depolarization • R wave – first positive deflection from ventricular depolarization • S wave – first negative deflection following the R

  7. Normal Waves Con’td • R’ wave – second positive deflection • S’ wave – second negative deflection following R • T wave – ventricular repolarization

  8. P Wave Characteristics • Duration is < 0.12 seconds • Amplitude is < 4 mm • Contour is normally gently rounded, not notched or peaked • Normally upright in I, II, aVF • Inverted in aVR

  9. QRS Characteristics • Normal duration is < 0.11 seconds • Amplitude (R or S wave) is > 5 mm and < 30 mm • Dominantly positive in I, II, aVF • Dominantly negative in aVR

  10. T Wave Characteristics • Same polarity as dominant wave of QRS • Positive in I, II, aVF • Inverted in aVR • Asymmetrical, ascending more slowly than descending

  11. Segments and Intervals of the EKG • P-R Interval • From beginning of P to beginning of QRS • Measures time taken by impulse to travel from SA node to ventricular fibers • Normal duration 0.12-0.20 seconds • ST Segment • From end of QRS to beginning of T • Should be isoelectric (on baseline)

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