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Summary: Iconic Memory

Summary: Iconic Memory. Capacity: Very large Duration: Very short Transfer: Readout to STM Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!). A Multi-store model of memory. Benefits and limitations First memory: sensory store Next: Short term memory. Short term memory.

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Summary: Iconic Memory

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  1. Summary: Iconic Memory • Capacity: Very large • Duration: Very short • Transfer: Readout to STM • Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!)

  2. A Multi-store model of memory • Benefits and limitations • First memory: sensory store • Next: Short term memory

  3. Short term memory • Current contents of memory • Fundamental bottleneck in processing • Multiple interpretations • Capacity • Duration • Transfer • Loss

  4. Basic Operations of STM • How things enter it • How things stay in it. • How we search for things within it. • How things leave it

  5. Peterson & Peterson: Decay

  6. Waugh & Norman: Interference

  7. Sternberg: Memory scanning

  8. STM-WM (an alternative view) • Another way of looking at it (STM vs Working Memory) (Baddeley) • The "bottleneck" issue and an example or two. • Beating the limits--the work of Chase and Ericcsson: chunks & retrieval structures. • Finally, how do things move on--elaborative rehearsal

  9. Baddeley: Model of Working Memory

  10. Chase, Ericcsson & Staszewski: Retrieval Structures

  11. Moving on: LTM • Issues include • How things move on into LTM • Size of LTM • Is LTM “permanent”? • Memory formation impairment

  12. Permanence of LTM • Work of Wilder Penfield • Size of LTM (on assumption of permanence) • 100,000,000,000 neurons x 10,000 connections = 1015 • Input: time per percept 150 msec x 70 years x 104 bits per percept x 70 years = 1014 bits • Optic nerve capacity107 bits per second x 70 years = 1016 bits. • Pragmatic est. 100,000 words + 10,000 pictures + 75,000 chess patterns + 1000’s of episodes = 106 • But some argue that we forget most of what we input!

  13. Long Term Memory Can be Long-term! Earned an A grade- green, C grade- red (Study Hard!)

  14. Most Famous Memory: HM • Retrograde amnesia vs anterograde • Declarative (semantic + episodic) vs procedural distinction in memory type • How does this occur? –hippocampus and overlying cortical damage

  15. Memory formation environmental effects

  16. * Memory operations in thinking:single/multiple codes?

  17. Collins & Quillien Experiment

  18. John Anderson (CMU) ACT Model

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