Unit 13- Organic Chemistry

1. Unit 13- Organic Chemistry • Organic halide • Polymer • Polymerization • Saponification • Saturated • Substitution reaction • Unsaturated • Addition reaction • Alcohol • Aldehyde • Alkane • Alkene • Alkyne • Amide • Amine • Amino acid • Esterification • Ester • Ether • Fermentation • Functional group • Hydrocarbon • Isomer • Ketone • Organic acid

2. What is organic chemistry? • Organic- containing carbon • Study of carbon and carbon containing compounds • Carbon compound characteristics: • C almost always forms covalent bonds • Bonds are strong • Aren’t very reactive under ordinary conditions • Can bond to 4 other atoms due to valence electrons • Therefore can produce a vast number of compounds

3. Carbon compounds • Allotropes- different forms of an element • Diamond vs. graphite vs. buckminsterfullerene • Hydrocarbons- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes • Contain just C and H • Can be saturated- all single bonds or unsaturated- containing a double or triple bond • Can be in a straight line form or ring

5. Alkanes • Saturated hydrocarbons • CnH2n+2 • Release E when burned • 5C’s – 12C’s – found in gas • 10C’s- 16C’s- heating oil • 20+C’s – candle wax • 40+C’s- tar (asphalt) • As # of C’s increases, boiling point increases • CH4- Methane • 90% of gas that heats homes • C2H6- Ethane • Rest of natural gas • C3H8- Propane • Heating fuel, grills • C4H10- Butane • Disposable lighters

6. Alkenes • Contain at least 1 double bond • CnH2n • Needs to have at least 2 C’s so not methane equivalent • C2H4- Ethene • Common name- ethlyene- used in plastics • C3H6- Propene • C4H8- Butene

7. Alkynes • Contains a triple bond • C2H2n-2 • C2H2- Ethyne • Common name- acetylene- used in welding • C3H4- Propyne • C4H6- Butyne

8. Isomers • Same molecular formula; different structural formula • They have different physical and chemical properties • Greater structural difference= greater difference in properties • As the number of C’s increases; number of isomers increase Both C4H10

9. Naming hydrocarbons • Rules of IUPAC- international union of pure and applied chemistry • If it’s a straight chain: normal; n- preceeds name • If it’s branched: • Find longest chain and name accordingly • Using Greek prefixes and the correct suffix • Number starting from nearest double or triple bond or branch

10. (If branches) name the groups that make up branches • Alkyl groups- alkane with 1 less hydrogen • Ex: methane (CH4)  methyl group (CH3) • If more than one attached branch; a number prefix is used to indicate the C to which it is attached along with mono, di, tri etc to indicate how many groups are attached • Commas are used separate numbers of carbons to which groups are attached

11. Examples: • 1-butene • 2- methylpropane

12. Try these:

14. What if there’s more than just C and H? • Functional groups: • Groups of atoms that replace H in a hydrocarbon • Give distinct physical and chemical properties • Table R • Halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,ethers, esters, organic acids, amides, amines,

16. Functional groups: • Halides • Halogen is added • Compound is now called organic halide or halocarbon • Named by citing location of halogen • Used as solvents and pesticices • Ex: chloromethane • Alcohols • -OH (hydroxyl group) is added • Creates polar molecule • Nonelectrolytes • Ends in –ol • Classified as 1o,2o etc depending on what C the –OH is attached to • If 2 –OH groups it’s a dihydroxy alcohol- antifreeze

17. Aldehydes • -C=O (carbonyl group) is added • **on end carbon • Ends in –al • Preservatives, formaldehyde • Ketones • -C=O (carbonyl group is added) • **on interior carbon • Ends in –one • Solvents, acetone

18. Ethers • R-O-R’ • Oxygen bridge in carbon chain • “R” represents other atoms • Add ether to end of name • Esters • is added • Responsible for odors, flavors in many foods • Ends in -oate

19. Organic acids • -COOH (carboxyl group) is added • Ends in –oic acid • Strong odors • Weak electrolytes • Amines • is added • Add amine to end of name • Vitamins, hormones, anesthetics, dyes • Amino acids- contain both amine and carboxyl group to the same C atom

20. Amides • is added • Happens when two amino acids are joined together • Peptide bond

21. Organic Reactionsoccurs more slowly than inorganic reactions due to covalent bonds • Combustion • If there is enough oxygen= complete combustion • If there isn’t enough oxygen= incomplete combustion • Carbon monoxide is produced

22. Substitution • Replace one atom but another atom or group of atoms • For saturated hydrocarbons • Ex: halogenation

23. Addition • Adding 1 or more atoms or groups to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; at site of double/triple bond • Ex: hydrogenation • Turn vegetable oil into fat • Requires catalyst and high heat; hydrogen gas is bubbled into oil

24. Esterification • Organic acid + alcohol  ester + water • To name: use alkyl group of alcohol and end in –oate • Fats are derived this way by reacting glycerol with fatty acids

25. Saponification • Ester + inorganic base  alcohol + soap • Soap is the salt of an organic acid and glycerol • Fermentation • Sugars are broken down by yeast enzyme to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol

26. Polymerization • Monomers put together to create polymers • Ex:nylon, rayon, polyethylene, protein,starch, cellulose • Addition polymerization: joining monomers of unsaturated compounds • Condensation polymerization: joining monomers by removing water molecule; creates ester

27. Plastic recycling codes