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The Renaissance and Reformation: Transforming Europe through Art and Ideas

This overview explores the Renaissance and Reformation, pivotal movements that reshaped Europe. The Renaissance, meaning "rebirth," began in Italy and emphasized secularism, individualism, and the enjoyment of life. Influential art emerged, showcasing perspective, realism, and classical themes supported by patrons. Key figures in humanism included Dante and Machiavelli. Concurrently, the Protestant Reformation challenged church practices, initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses and emphasized justification by faith. Both movements marked profound cultural and theological shifts, fostering new ways of thinking and living.

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The Renaissance and Reformation: Transforming Europe through Art and Ideas

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  1. AP Euro Week 2: Renaissance and Reformation

  2. Middle Ages: Main Ideas • In general, content with status quo (lack of progress) • Church is center of life • Feudal system – no large/powerful govts

  3. Renaissance: Main Ideas • “Rebirth” in French • Began in Italy (specifically Florence) • Rich from trade (ie. Medicis) • City-states • Secularism & Individualism • Life is more than a preparation for the hereafter • Important to enjoy life and shape own destiny

  4. Renaissance Art • Religious themes as well as classical mythology • Funded by patronage from Pope and merchants • Artists are recognized for their work

  5. Medieval Art

  6. Renaissance Art: Perspective • Trinity by Masaccio • Use of Perspective and depth  painting looks 3-D

  7. Renaissance Art: Realism • Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci (Renaissance Man) • Uses light, shadow, and expression to portray realistic human emotions

  8. Renaissance Sculpture • David by Michelangelo • Classical Style • Free-standing, nude • Proportional • Captured power & strength of humanity

  9. Renaissance Architecture • Greco-Roman style • Symmetry • Columns, Arches, Domes • Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, designed by Brunelleschi

  10. Humanism • Literary movement of Renaissance • Inspired by Ancients (Greeks & Romans) • Dante: Late Middle Ages – wrote “Divine Comedy” in vernacular • Petrarch: “Father of Humanism,” poet • Boccaccio: Wrote “Decameron” • Bruni: Wrote history of Florence • Machiavelli: Wrote “The Prince” Political theorist

  11. Northern Renaissance Humanism • Northern Renaissance occurred in England, Germany, etc. after the Italian Renaissance • Emphasized old religious texts (ie. St. Augustine) instead of classics • “Christian Humanism” • Thomas More: wrote “Utopia,” social critic • Erasmus of Rotterdam:Wrote “Praise of Folly,” social and relg critic, criticized RCC

  12. New Monarchies • France: Louis XI (Valois) became king in 1453 • England: Henry VII (Tudor) seized throne after War of the Roses (1485) • Established Star Chamber • Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage united Aragon and Castile (1469)

  13. Protestant Reformation • Abuses in Church • Pope Leo X allowed sale of indulgences to fund construction of St. Peter’s Basilica • Martin Luther • Troubled monk • 1517 – wrote 95 Theses and posted them on door of church at Wittenburg • 1521 – Diet of Worms: tried for criticizing church, excommunicated

  14. Luther’s Theology • “Justification by Faith” • Saved by God’s Grace, not by good works or sacraments • Kept only 2 sacraments: baptism and mass • “Sola Scriptura” – Bible is only spiritual authority • Translated Bible into German so all could read it • His ideas inspired Peasant Revolt of 1524-1525

  15. John Calvin’s Theology • Predestination: God decides in advanced who will be saved • “The Elect” • Church government: Theocracy • Set up “ideal” religious city in Geneva • “Protestant Rome”

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