Wartime Conferences

1. Wartime Conferences History 12 Ms Leslie

2. Atlantic Charter • August 1, 1941 • President Roosevelt met Prime Minister Churchill on a battleship in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. • statement of war aims to work for a world in which democratic values prevail. • economic equality among nations ‘after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.’

3. The Atlantic Charter outlined the grounds for the United Nations Equivalent to WWI’s 14 points Beginning of the UK and USA Grand Alliance

4. United Nations Declaration • On Jan 1, 1942, • 26 nations agreed not to sign a separate peace treaty with any of the Axis Powers. • Specific post-war aims remained vague.

5. Casablanca Conference • Jan 26, 1943 • Roosevelt and Churchill meet. Stalin won’t leave Russia • decision to invade Europe through Italy was formalized. • An agreement to make landings in northern Europe in 1944 – though the Soviets wanted it in1943.

6. Agree that Germany should surrender unconditionally This would mean a prolonged war to put Germany in that position

7. Quebec Conference • August 11 and 24th, 1943 • Roosevelt and Churchill met again and came to an agreement on the logistics of a cross-channel invasion. • Secretly discussed plans for the A-Bomb • They also agree on the Morgenthau Plan

8. Morgenthau Plan Germany was to be partitioned into two independent states. Germany's main centers of mining and industry, including the Saar area, the Ruhr area and Upper Silesia were to be internationalized or annexed by neighboring nations. All heavy industry was to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed.

10. Cairo Conference • Nov 22-26, 1943 • Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek met. (Chiang = China’s military leader.) • Little was agreed upon, though Roosevelt promised an operation in the Indian Ocean to Chiang. (This idea was later dropped). • Churchill and Roosevelt moved on to meet with Stalin on December 1 at the Tehran Conference.

12. Tehran Conference • November 28 and December 1, 1943 • the three countries to recognize Iran's independence. • the Soviet Union was required to pledge support to Turkey if that country entered the war • Britain wanted to hammer out a plan for a port-war world • American thought everything would work itself out after the defeat of Hitler

13. central aim of the conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany 1.USA and UK agreed to open up a second front with Operation Overlord (D-Day), the invasion of Northern France. the Americans ensured that commitment was made to Stalin on the timing of this event.

14. 2. Poland’s borders were disscussed and agreed upong the Curzon Ling in the East and the Oder-Neisse Lingin the west This gave the USSR more territory 3. USSR agreed to participate in the Pacific War

15. In private meetings, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed on the need to liquidate the British and French Empires after the war. • Roosevelt clearly did not trust either Churchill or DeGaulle.

16. What to do about Germany? • Churchill opposed splitting it up • Germany would be needed to keep Communist influence out.

17. How to end the war? • Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated • Axis powers should face unconditional terms of surrender

18. Stalin dominates the Tehran conference. • Roosevelt is very sick and does not stand up to him • Stalin is able to change Poland’s borders to how he wants them • Allow the USSR to sent up puppet governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states and Romania.

19. Yalta Conference • February 4-11, 1945 1)European Decisions. 2) United nations. • USA and UK militarily weakened after the battle of the Bulge. Stalin has the upper hand.

20. Drop the Morgenthau plan and will just split Germany into zones, not countries • Stalin wants to set reparations at $20 billion, of which the Soviets get $12 billion • Churchill disagrees, but is vetoed • DeGaulle is recognized as the official French leader (he is not invited to Yalta)

21. Agree to a war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg after war Stalin to enter war in pacific against Japan Stalin Promises free elections in the territory he occupies after the war

22. Key issue Poland • Stalin kept wanting to push borders westward. • Roosevelt too sick to confront Stalin • Stalin wants to deport Germans from Poland • UK and USA want free elections in Poland – Stalin agrees but there’s nothing put in place to ensure them

23. In return for getting what he wanted, Stalin co-operates with the creating of the United Nations. • They approve of the Durbarton-Oaks organization of the UN • Agree to meet in San Francisco to draft a UN charter

24. Regarding the Far East – Stalin says he will join the war with Japan 2-3 months after the fall of Germany. • Stalin allies with Chiang. – in return Stalin gets some Asian islands and Outer Mongolia • Russia to also get access to the Manchurian railroad – port access.

25. Yalta = last point of co-operation in the alliances • On April 12, 1945 Roosevelt died, and was replaced by his Vice-President, Harry Truman. • Roosevelt didn’t like him. As a result he had been kept in the dark on foreign policy.

26. Truman stands up to USSR’s demands. He insults Molotov and as a result alienated Russian-Americans but gains Polish-American support

27. Potsdam conference • July 17, 1945 - Germany • Churchill, Stalin and Truman • Soon Churchill too was gone – replaced by the new Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.

28. Approved steps to disarm Germany Dismantle war industries Reparations Denazification War crimes tribunal

29. Agree on an Allied Control Council over Germany by 4 military Commanders. • Each occupier would take what they wanted from each zone • the Soviets would get a further 10% of German capital equipment from the Western zones and a further 15% in exchange for fool and coal.

30. Berlin would also be jointly occupied. • German populations were pushed out of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia –removing the nationalities issue from future political disputes. • Austria was separated from Germany.

31. Americans wanted to make sure Stalin would keep his promise about joining the war in the East – and the atomic bomb hadn’t been perfected. • Stalin was kept in the dark about the New weapon • Japanese started putting out peace feelers through Russia – America ignored them

32. At Potsdam the warning of ‘prompt and utter destruction’ of Japan was made, but there was no explicit threat or even an inquiry into Japanese surrender requirements. • The use of the bomb revolutionized diplomacy as well at warfare.

33. The Bomb Makes Questions • to what extent could the bomb be applied directly to diplomatic influence? • Would it give the Americans diplomatic leverage in Eastern Europe? • Should the US maintain sole control over this technology? • Should the UN control it?

34. foreign ministers met again in London in September, 1945 • America demanded control in Eastern Europe • Soviets refused foreign observers • Met again in Moscow – Stalin makes concessions in Romania and Bulgaria • In return America recognized satellite governments

35. The Soviets agreed to the creation of the UN Atomic Energy Commission and a general Peace Conference was set for the summer of 1946. • The Conference would be held and peace treaties eventually signed in 1947, but all of this was over shadowed by the confrontation between East and West that was taking shape at the cold war • End 