Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 10

1. Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 10 Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives By Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah Islamic University of Gaza

9. Diacids

11. Physical Properties of carboxylic acids Hydrogen bonding Solubility in water (lower acids)

13. Acidity of carboxylic acids pKa = -log Ka As Ka increase or pKa decrease, the acidity increase

15. Resonance and Inductive effect Conversion of acids to salts

16. Preparation of carboxylic acids

18. Reactions of carboxylic acids

19. Esters Nomenclature

21. Examples

24. Lactones (Cyclic Esters)

27. Reactions of Esters with Grignard Reagent

28. Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters)

29. Reduction of Esters Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols

30. The Cliasen Condensation

31. Acid Halides They are prepared from the reaction of acids with thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides

33. Reactions of acid chlorides Acid chlorides react rapidly with most nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl chlorid is a lachrymator (tear gas)

34. Reaction with Grignard Reagent

37. Preparation of mixed anhydrides

38. Mixed anhydrides

39. Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides

40. Amides • Nomenclature

41. Properties of Amides

43. Amide Resonance

45. Reactions of Amides (Hydrolysis and Reduction)