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A New Prosperity

The Roaring Twenties:. A New Prosperity. Slang Terms. Slang Term Answers. The Roaring 20’s. In 1929 after five years of good times, the average household income was $1200 dollars. Canadians read American books and watched American movies

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A New Prosperity

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  1. The Roaring Twenties: A New Prosperity

  2. Slang Terms

  3. Slang Term Answers

  4. The Roaring 20’s • In 1929 after five years of good times, the average household income was $1200 dollars. • Canadians read American books and watched American movies • Emergence of service clubs such as Kiwanis and Knights of Columbus • Increase urbanization through industrial growth • Increased mobility (highways and automobiles) • Improved communications – more telephones and radios

  5. What are the Roaring Twenties? • 1920s often referred to as the “Roaring Twenties” • Time of social, cultural, and economic change that affected almost everyone. • Time of economic rapid growth..... • Consumer goods!

  6. Transportation • Automobiles: • Model T-Ford • Cheap! • The assembly line made this possible

  7. Life in Canada 1920 -1939 • Mass production: many Canadians can afford an automobile. • Model-T Ford less than $400. • Roads improved • tourism industry expanded.

  8. Transportation • Airplanes • Pilots from WW1 became ‘bush pilots’ • They could fly supplies to remote areas of the country

  9. Communication • The radio • The telephone

  10. Communicatoin • Radios • CBC: 1932 “Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission.” • This helped to reduce the powerful influence of American broadcasting.

  11. The Radio • Radio Shows: must have • Entertainment/sports section • Ex. Scores of hockey games, movie releases, tips from chatelaine • Canadian content • American news • World News

  12. Movies • First movies had no sound... • Example: Charlie Chaplin • Movies eventually had sound. • Called “talkies” • Examples: Groucho and Marx

  13. And a new type of entertainment…Moving Pictures • A nation of 10 million was buying 2 million movie tickets a week (Jazz age Paris) • (Charlie Chaplin Boxing) • (Charlie Chaplin speaks)

  14. Movies • Mary Pickford a Canadian actress was often referred to as America’s Sweetheart

  15. Art... • Canadian movement of painting landscapes • Group of Seven and.... • Emily Carr – BC, painted while living with First Nations

  16. Emily Carr 1871- 1945 • Emily Carr was both painter and writer. • Her paintings of West Coast landscapes and Native culture are characterised by intense colour and spiraling forms. Haida Totems, Cha-atl, Queen Charlotte Island

  17. Art in Canada Between the Wars • Canada nationalism in art. • Group of Seven popularized paintings of Canada’s rural landscape/rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield. • Emily Carr: forests and Native villages of BC. Emily Carr

  18. The Group of Seven • The most famous Canadian painters of the 1920s were the Group of Seven. • They painted the landscape of the Canadian Shield in a distinctly new and Canadian style. • They were at first criticised as the “Hot Mush School” because of the heavy layers of paint used in their paintings.

  19. The Group of Seven • By the early 1920s the Group was well established in Canadian art circles. • The original seven were J.E.H. MacDonald, Lawren Harris, Franklin Carmichael, Arthur Lismer, F.H. Varley, Tom Thomson and Franz Johnston. • An eighth artist, A.Y. Jackson later joined the group. • A.J. Casson was invited to join in 1924. Tom Thomson

  20. Sports

  21. Sports • American pro baseball became the big past time in North America • The NHL had 6 teams, (2 Canadian) • Artwork became prominent and work such as that by the Group of 7 and Emily Carr became well known.

  22. Flappers • “New” kind of woman: • Short skirts • Bobbed their hair • Listened to jazz music • Drinking (remember: prohibition!) and smoking • Driving automobiles

  23. Comparison: “Old”

  24. Comparison: “New”

  25. New Women

  26. Americanization • Prosperity came from a new source • Canada had formerly traded East and West with Britain and Asia • Britain could no longer afford to invest in Canada following the war. • The United States had made a lot of money off the war and was looking to Canada as a consumer market, and vice versa

  27. Americanization Cont’d… • Many American companies created branch plants in Canada to avoid tariffs • Many highways were built linking Canada to the United States, and we began driving on the right side of the road • Air travel, radio, and telephone links began to network into the U.S. • Average work week was reduced from 50-60 hours per week to 44-50 hours increasing leisure time substantially

  28. The Roaring 20’sA New Prosperity • More and more power was being turned over to the provincial governments • Women voters demanded pensions for widow’s, low income mothers, and the disabled • Much of Canada relied on natural resources which fell under provincial jurisdiction. • Quebec, BC, and Ontario were the big winners under this system

  29. Missing the Roar!  • Some people continued to face problems in the 1920s • First Nations: No vote; potlatch was still banned; Reserves were being taken away. • African-Canadians: faced discrimination in parts of Canada • Immigrants: • Eastern Europeans blamed for communism • Chinese Exclusion Act

  30. Canada’s Autonomy

  31. Canada’s Growing Independence • Mackenzie King was elected Prime Minister of Canada in the 1921 election and led Canada’s first minority government • King announced that Canada would now sign its own international agreements • The first was the Halibut Treaty of 1923 signed between Canada and the United States • The Halibut Treaty was a 1923 Canadian-American agreement concerning fishing rights in the northern Pacific Ocean (this was the first treaty negotiated by Canada, independent of Britain)

  32. The Growth of Canadian Autonomy 1914 -1919 • Decision making for much of World War I was entirely British. • In 1917 the British War Cabinet was expanded to become the Imperial War Cabinet which included all of the Dominion prime ministers. • In 1919 Canada placed her own signature on the Treaty of Versailles and took a separate seat on the League of Nations.

  33. Mackenzie King and The Empire • Mackenzie King did not support military expansion and wished to distance himself from the Empire. • Cut the defence budget • King’s policies popular in West & Quebec.

  34. Liberal nationalism was demonstrated by The Chanak Crisis of 1922 King refused to support Britain’s request for troops in case of a war with Turkey. The Halibut Treaty of 1923 Canada signed an international treaty (with USA) without British support. King and Canadian Autonomy

  35. The Statute of Westminster 1931 • In 1923 at the Imperial Conference Mackenzie King and J.B.M. Herzog of South Africa proposed that the foreign policy of each dominion should be completely independent of British control. • The King-Herzog Principle led to the Statute of Westminster of 1931 which established Canada as an “autonomous community within the British Empire.”

  36. Politics

  37. 1921-1925 • Between 1921 and 1925 the depression in Canada eased • Automobile factories and mines helped to ease the tensions • When King was elected in 1921 he had promised the Maritimes many things, which he did not live up to

  38. Election 1925 • King lost much support in the East and as a result, the election of 1925 saw the Liberals finish second to the Conservatives who failed to win a majority • King was forced to seek the support of the Progressive Party in order to stay in power. • There was also much pressure from the United States to stop Canadians from selling liquor South of the border where prohibition was still in effect. • The following year the Liberals lost the support of the Progressive Party over a liquor-smuggling scandal

  39. The Progressive party was weakened by internal disagreement and The Liberals had failed to keep all the promises of 1921. They were now vulnerable in the Maritimes because of Between 1921 and 1925 economic conditions in most of Canada improved The Election of 1925 Oil and Gas Pulp and Paper Branch Plants but American Investment Freight Rates and Tariffs. Copper and Nickle Hydro-electric Power

  40. The Election of 1925 II 116 • Conservative seats • Liberal seats • Progressive seats 101 24 Mackenzie King lost the election but called on the support of the Progressive Party and refused to resign.

  41. The King-Byng Affair 1926 • A scandal in the Liberal government forced Mackenzie King to ask Lord Byng, the Governor-General, for dissolution. • Lord Byng would not grant this request because • Meighen led the largest party. • An election had just taken place in 1925. Lord Byng

  42. The King-Byng Affair 1926 II • A reluctant Arthur Meighen now formed government. • King accused Lord Byng and the Conservatives of “twisting the Constitution.” • The Progressives continued to support the Liberals and Meighen was quickly defeated. • An election called for September 14, 1926 returned King and the Liberals to power.

  43. King-Byng Crisis of 1926 • It became evident that some of Kings ministers were protecting the individuals and even profiting off of the illegal liquor sales to the United States • King approached Governor General Lord Byng, and requested that an election be called only months after one had just been held!

  44. King-Byng Crisis cont’d… • Byng refused to concede to King’s demands and rather than face his own party, King chose to resign. • In 1926, Arthur Meighen took over as Prime Minister of Canada, reluctantly because he had not won by election. • The liberals and King argued that there had been a violation of the Constitution

  45. King-Byng Crisis cont’d… • Although no violation of the Constitution arose, King managed to convince the Progressives the Governor General was wrong to not support the PM. • Because the Progressives had originally supported the Conservatives, Byng was forced to call an election. • Sept 14, 1926, King won majority. • This affair redefined the role of Governor General not only in Canada but throughout the Dominions

  46. Canada’s Growing Independence The Balfour Report • At the Imperial Conference of 1926 Canada made major progress towards changing it’s dependence on Britain • At the conference the Dominions requested formal recognition of their autonomy or the freedom to govern themselves • A special committee was formed led by British politician Lord Balfour • From the recommendation of the Balfour Report the Statute of Westminster was passed in 1931 by the British government which formally turned the British Empire into the British Commonwealth. • Canada was now an equal to Britain entitled to make its own laws

  47. From Boom to Bust

  48. Signs of sickness • The wheat market had been dominated by Canada for much of the 1920’s however many other countries were now exporting • Overproduction - More wheat was being produced than was being sold (Irony for what was to come) • Led to a Domino Effect in the economy • Drought destroyed much of the 1929 crop in Canada, and wheat prices were falling quickly from $2 to $1.09 per bushel

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