Nation building in latin america

1. Chapter 21.4 Nation building in latinamerica

2. Peninsulares • Spanish and Portugal officials from Europe • Top of social system • Held all important positions • Creoles(native born but of European ancestry) • Controlled land and business • Regarded as second-class citizens • Mes-ti-zos(mixed ancestry) • Largest group • Worked as servants or laborers Social classes in Latin America

3. Creoles influenced by ideas of democracy • Resented the peninsulares • Denounced rule of peninsulares at the beginning of the 19th century • Spain and Portugal weakened from their monarchies overthrown by Napoleon 1807 – 1825: series of revolts led most of Latin America to become independent Prelude to revolution

4. Haiti first country to become independent • Toussaint-Louverture(TOO-san-LOO-vuhr-TYUR) leads revolt in Hispaniola. • January 1, 1804 – Haiti becomes the first independent state of Latin America.

5. Mexico • September 16, 1810: Miguel Hidalgo leads revolt against Spanish • Is sentenced to death, but his uprising starts Mexico’s path to independence • 1821: Mexico declares Independence • 1823 – becomes a republic

6. José de San Martin of Argentina leads forces in 1810 • Simon Bolivar • Leads Argentina to independence • Leads revolts in Columbia and Ecuador • 1817: leads attack against Spanish in Chili. • 1821: Peru • Bolivar and San Martin crushed Spanish army in 1824 Liberators of South America

7. 1822: Brazil becomes independent of Portugal 1823: Central American states become independent By 1824: Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia and Chile become independent of Spain 1838 -1839: Central America divides up into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. South American Independent countries

8. Monroe doctrine • President James Monroe of the United States issues the Monroe Doctrine(1823) • guarantees independence of the new Latin American nations and warns against any European intervention in the Americas.

9. 1830-1870: • Wars lead to loss of people, property and livestock • Nations fought each other over boundaries • Poor roads, lack of railroads, jungles, mountains made communication hard • Latin American countries become dependent on Western nations again Difficulties of nation building

10. Caudillos came into power after independence • Used military force • Supported by landed elites • Some modernized countries, others were destructive of countries Caudillos (cau·dil·lo)

11. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • Ruler of Mexico from 1833 – 1855 • Misused state funds, halted reforms, created chaos • Texas revolts against Santa Anna and gains independence in 1836. • U.S. goes to war against Mexico (1846-1848). Mexico is defeated and the U.S. gets ½ of Mexican territory. Texas becomes state

12. Benito Juarez • Mexican national hero • Brought liberal reforms to Mexico • Includes separation of church and state • Land distribution to the poor • Educational system to all of Mexico • Juan Manual de Rosas • Brings reforms to Argentina • Caudillo’s authority is based on personal power. Wars often erupted when they lost power Other Caudillo’s in americas

13. British merchants move into Latin America. • British investors pour funds into area • Source of raw materials and foodstuffs for Industrial Nations. • Wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, hides, textiles • Latin America countries remained economic colonies of Western nations, even though they were not longer political colonies. Great britain moves into latinamerica

14. Large estates were held by wealthy Land is basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power Landed elites grow specialized crops – employ workers cheap Constitutions were written but landed elites kept poor from voting Land Inequality in the 19th century

15. 1898: U.S. becomes protectorate of Cuba, Puerto Rico is annexed and the Philippines become a colony as a result of the war 1903: President Theodore Roosevelt supported rebellion in Panama to separate from Columbia. In return, the U.S. gets control of 10-mile strip of land to build the Panama Canal. Canal is built by 1914 U.S. investors enter Latin America The United states in latinamerica

16. Mexico goes through rulers • Porfirio Diaz rules from 1877 -1911 • Francisco Madero 1911 • Emilliano Zapata • 1917: a new government is set up with a new constitution • led by a president • created land-reform policies • established limits on foreign investors • set an agenda to help workers • Outpouring of patriotism follows Revolution in Mexico

17. 1870: Latin America begins an age of prosperity • Based on exports • Argentina – wheat and beef • Brazil – coffee • Central America – coffee and bananas • Peru – silver and sugar • Exchanged for finished goods • 1900 – increases own industrialization • Middle class societies increase from economy - tend to side with elites once they get the right to vote Economic change in latinamerica