WORD CLASS @ PARTS OF SPEECH

1. WORD CLASS @PARTS OF SPEECH lds1_2010_neirma19 9

2. WORD CLASSES lds1_2010_neirma19

3. (2) PRONOUNS lds1_2010_neirma19

4. are used to refer back to something / someone that has already been mentioned. • are also used o refer to people / things directly. • object pronouns are • normally used: • (1) after verb “be” • * It’s me. • * There was only Nurul, • Husna and me in the • room. • (2) as the object of a • preposition • * Did you give it to them? • ‘it’ is often used to: • (1) introduce a remark • * It is difficult to find a job. • (2) talk about weather, • temperature, time and • distance • * It is raining. (2.1) Personal Pronouns lds1_2010_neirma19

5. (2.2) Possessive Pronouns • are used to show possession. • examples: • The book is Ahmad’s. It is his. • These cats are our pets. They are ours. lds1_2010_neirma19

6. (2.3) Reflexive Pronouns • are used to refer back to the • subject in a sentence. • example: • She hurt herself. • most transitive verbs can take a • reflexive pronoun. • use reflexive pronouns with • ‘by’ to say: • (1) that someone does • something without any help • from other people. • * She was certain she could • manage by herself. • (2) that someone is alone • * He went off to sit by himself. lds1_2010_neirma19

7. (2.4) Emphatic / Intensive Pronouns • are used to put emphasis on • a particular noun. • cannot be used as subjects. • can be removed from the • sentence and the core • meaning would be affected. lds1_2010_neirma19

8. (2.5) Demonstrative Pronouns This/These refers to something that is close / is considered to be close to you. That/Those  refers to something that is not close / is not considered to be close to you. lds1_2010_neirma19

9. (2.6) Indefinite Pronouns anybody everybody nobody somebody anyone everyone no one someone anything everything nothing something Examples: Ask anyone. They/he will tell you. Auni could wear anything she liked. They/It looked pretty on her. Everyone is ready. They/he can leave anytime. Everybody is enjoying themselves/himself at the party. • are used to refer to people or • things that we don’t know • exactly who/what they are OR • their identity is not important. * Indefinite pronouns are singular. But, if we want to use a pronoun to refer back to an indefinite pronoun, we can either use a singular or plural pronoun. lds1_2010_neirma19

10. (2.7) Relative Pronouns whoever whomever whichever whatever lds1_2010_neirma19

11. (2.8) Interrogative Pronouns who whom whose which what Examples: What is that? Who was at door just now? For whom do you buy the food? Who/Whom did you talk to? Whose is this? Which do you like? I asked him who he was talking to. He wondered what Sally would do now. • are used to ask direct / • indirect questions. lds1_2010_neirma19

12. (2.9) Reciprocal Pronouns each other one another *can refer to 2/more people or things • are used to indicate that people • do the same thing, feel the • same way, or share the same • relationship. Examples: Zaf and Ayie shouted at one another. The two lights moved towards one another. Fariz and Fariza love each other. We helped each other a lot. lds1_2010_neirma19

13. (2.10) Quantitative Pronouns • are quantifiers • (indicate number / amount) • can also be used as • determiners. • Many were offered • scholarships. (P) • Many students were • offered scholarships. (D) • are mostly followed by “of” • some of the fund • several of my friends • none of them • “one” can be a personal • pronoun • One should work hard to • success. all little another many any more both most each much either neither enough several few some fewer *one less Examples: (1) All must come for the meeting. (2) Give him some money, if you have any. (3) I saw one girl whispering to another. (4) I have two interesting novels. You can borrow both. (5) There are twenty prizes. Each of them is worth RM200.00 lds1_2010_neirma19