1 / 43

English Linguistics 1

English Linguistics 1. 3 What's in a word: lexicology 3.1 Conceptual and lexical categories 3.1.1 Conceptual categories 3.1.2 Lexical categories 3.2 Words and meanings 3.2.1 Routes to meaning 3.2.2 What is meaning?. 3.3 Lexical fields 3.4 Lexical relations/meaning relations

arnie
Download Presentation

English Linguistics 1

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. English Linguistics 1

  2. 3 What's in a word: lexicology 3.1 Conceptual and lexical categories 3.1.1 Conceptual categories 3.1.2 Lexical categories 3.2 Words and meanings3.2.1 Routes to meaning3.2.2 What is meaning? Session 3

  3. 3.3 Lexical fields 3.4 Lexical relations/meaning relations 3.4.1. Synonymy 3.4.2. Relationships of contrast 3.4.3. Hierarchical relationships Session 3

  4. 3.5 Lexical ambiguity 3.5.1 Polysemy 3.5.2 Homonymy 3.6 Metaphor and metonymy 3.6.1 Metaphor 3.6.2 Metonymy Session 3

  5. 3.1 Conceptual and lexical categories aspects focused on so far:signs - the link between their (material) form and meaning / function in order to get a better understanding of the nature of language:a 'look' into the minds of the speakers / the conceptual world – the pre-linguistic world Session 3

  6. 3.1.1 Conceptual categories concept: a person's 'idea' of what something in the world is likee.g. 'mother', 'dog' – single entities – Session 3

  7. humans tend to 'slice' reality into discernible units  → conceptual categories whenever we perceive sth. we attempt to categorize it, e.g. piece of music classification as jazz, rock, pop, classical, techno, ethno, world music etc.  Session 3

  8. conceptual categories laid down / expressed in language = linguistic categories (signs) we all have made experience that there are more concepts than linguistic expressions, e.g. when we try to describe a phenomenon knowing that there is no exact term; different from just not knowing a term! Session 3

  9. conceptual categories/stage linguistic categories/level other modes of expression lexicon syntax/grammar sign form meaning realization as sound Fig. 3-1: Fromconcepttosound (simplified) Session 3

  10. What makes the step from concept to linguisticcategory so interesting? problems / questions: - Are concepts universal/ the same for all humans? - Are concepts socio-culturally determined? - What happens when concepts are 'translated' into languages? no attempt at definite answers! just a glimpse at some phenomena Session 3

  11. compare expressions for same concept in different languages: E F G Hufeisen I → different languages may 'translate' the same phenomenon differently – the construal / construction of the 'world' in linguistic items Session 3

  12. Signs differently motivated: E , F, I – relationship between the animal as a whole and the protecting device G – F, I, G – E – Session 3

  13. E grand piano - F piano à queue - G Flügel - F and G – Session 3

  14. concept: 'part of the street for pedestrians' BE pavement - AE sidewalk - F trottoir - from trotter: G Gehsteig - Bürgersteig - AuGTrottoir - see French, but? Session 3

  15. so far: conceptual categories 'translated'  words or lexical categories similar relationships applies also to 'translation' grammatical categories Session 3

  16. different ways of saying more or less the same thing Look at that rain. same lexical category: rain different word classes: (1) noun, (2) verb Session 3

  17. E kiss Navajo Session 3

  18. Summary: when transforming a concept into a linguistic category languages may focus on different characteristics / features of the concept and make this characteristic the most prominent by expressing it linguistically, at the same time – disregard other features; the same applies to more complex conceptual phenomena Session 3

  19. 3.1.2 Lexical categories examples from 3.1.1 relatively 'clear' (horse-shoe, piano, pavement) definition/ description of their 'lexical meaning' can be agreed upon by different people other cases add another dimension, e.g. vase? Session 3

  20. ex. vase many different shapes and types - common denominator: 'container for flowers' question: whatisourconceptof a typical 'vase'? Fig. 3-2 Session 3

  21. ex. chair: task: draw a picture of a 'chair', that comes to your mind, do not think too long about it, there is no 'right' or 'wrong' Session 3

  22. the most typical or best member – the subtype that first comes to mind = prototype / prototypical member ≠ peripheral members Session 3

  23. Fig. 3-3: Chairs category of stools different from chairs – lack of a back Session 3

  24. Fig. 3-4: A selectionofthedrawingsofcup-likeobjectsusedbyLabov Session 3

  25. centre firmly established • boundaries far from absolute • fuzzy, overlap Session 3

  26. 3.2 Words and meanings 3.2.1 Routes to meaning Two starting points: 1. word which senses? 2. concept which words? Session 3

  27. ad 1. dictionary fruit a, b, c, d….. word form  list of various senses = semasiology (Greek sema 'sign') Look up the senses/meanings of 'fruit' in the DCE or another monolingual dictionary (at least 5 to 6 meanings): Session 3

  28. fruit /fru:t/ n plural fruit or fruits Session 3

  29. Session 3

  30. ad 2. onomasiology (Greek ónoma 'name') concept list of words which denote the same or similar concepts use a dictionary of synonyms to find synonyms for the concept of 'fruit': (thesaurus, synonym finder) Session 3

  31. fruit, n. a. b. Session 3

  32. 3.2.2 What is meaning?   no generally accepted definition of 'meaning' suggestion (1): words name or label things in the world, two aspects are taken care of:  distinction between denotation and reference Session 3

  33. denotation – class of things indicated by a word • reference – a particular thing when the word is used e.g. A cat. A cat. Three men . Three men. Session 3

  34. suggestion (2): two aspects - all 'things' in the world the expression can be used to refer to and the inherent / internal characteristics or features  distinction between extension and intension Session 3

  35. extension – all things, facts, abstract ideas … which can be referred to by the same linguistic expression (= ~ denotation, see above) • intension – the features which define the expression Session 3

  36. exs.: eveningstar, morningstar – different intension, same extension = Tony Blair(extension) different intensions (up to 2007): the prime minister of GB, the Labour leader, Cherie's husband Session 3

  37. suggestion (3): the semantic triangle – room for the idea, the concept signifié signified Begriff chose thing Sache signifiant signifier Bezeichnung Session 3

  38. Other types of meaning (so far: 'denotation and reference') e.g. That girl is a real cat. ('unpleasant woman') cat – different from cat1 (denotation) they differ in denotation - they also differ in the associations that come to our mind Session 3

  39. + types of meaning which refer to associations that words have for us connotation / connotational meanings Session 3

  40. Try to complete the types: individualassociations: woman stylistic or social: give other choices with a stylistic difference domicile - Session 3

  41. regional: editorial – petrol – chips – … reflected meaning: the Holy Ghost, the Comforter Session 3

  42. collocational meaning 'goodlooking, attractive' pretty - handsome pretty + [ ] handsome + [ ] different in their collocations Session 3

  43. languages differ in the collocational range of words G Nase, Zähne, Schuheputzen E Session 3

More Related