Speaking Skill by Kathleen M. Bailey

1. Speaking Skill by Kathleen M. Bailey Lecture # 24

2. Review of the last lecture on LS • Historically, learning a foreign language meant learning to read and write. • Listening was virtually ignored • Charles Berlitz promoted the teaching of listening skills comprehension and the idea that new teaching points should be introduced orally. • After World War II the audio-lingual method came to dominate foreign language teaching. Language labs…… • We emphasized on listening skill as an active, purposeful process. • It involved processing information based on both overall top down schema and the bottom-up “building blocks “ of language such as vocabulary and grammar.Pre-listening is suggested as ways to integrate a learner’s processing.Exposing learners to variety of tasks and different types of listening is helpful

3. Speaking Skill by Kathleen M. Bailey Road Map for lectures on Speaking Skills • Identify the levels of spoken language and explain their relationship. • Explain the main differences between the audio- lingual method and communicative language teaching. • Describe some differences between spoken language and written language • Demonstrate familiarity with all the techniques given in these lecturers.

4. 1. What is Speaking Skill ? • People feel that speaking in a new language is harder than reading, writing and listening for two reasons: i) Unlike Reading or Writing, speaking happens in real time ii) When we speak, we cannot edit and revise what we wish to say. We can do so, when we have to write.

5. 1. What is Speaking Skill ? • In Language teaching the four skills are described in terms of their directions.Language generated by the learner ( in speech or writing) is referred to as productive Language directed at the learner ( in reading or listening) is called receptive. • Another important idea is Channel.(which refers to medium of the message (aural/oral or written). • Speaking is the productive aural/oral skill. It consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning. • Teaching speaking is sometimes considered a simple process.

6. 1. What is Speaking Skill ? • Differences between Spoken and Written Language • Spoken:Auditory Temporary: immediate reception Prosody (rhythm, stress, intonation) Immediate feedback Planning and editing limited by channel • Written:Visual Permanent: delayed reception Punctuation Delayed or no feedback Unlimited planning, editing, revision

7. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking For many years people taught speaking by having students repeat sentence and recite text books dialogues. Audio-lingual Repetition drills were designed to familiarize students with the sounds and structural patterns of the target language. The habit formation……… The concept of habit formation , of behaviorism, is the theoretical basis of the audio-lingual method.

8. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking • During the late twentieth century, Language acquisition research made us reconsider old beliefs about how people learn to speak. • Several studies prove that interaction helps people and children learn a language. • So CLT ……………………came into practice. Two Versions of CLT: i) The weak version: the teacher should teach components of language but include communicative abilities. ii) The strong version: since students learn through interacting, lesson should consist of opportunities to communicate in the target language.

9. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking • To communicate well in another language, we must make ourselves understood by the people we are speaking with; • Making oneself understood in another language is not easy at beginning and intermediate levels. • Speaking is a real time activity so speaker has only limited time to plan and edit his speech during a conversation.

10. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking Important Linguistics elements involved in speaking. • Text: • Utterance: • Clause • Phrase • Word • Morpheme • Phoneme • Phoneme • Distinctive feature

11. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking • Text: stretches of language of an undetermined length. • Utterance: spoken texts are composed of utterances. An utterance is something someone says. It may not be a full sentence, as the concept is used in writing. • Clause: • Phrase:…………………. • Word: A word is also called a free morpheme • Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit. • Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound: syllable • Distinctive feature: how or where a sound is produced when we speak. Stress, rhythm, and intonation are called the suprasegmental phonemes. • I think I know. I think I know. I think I Know

12. 2. Background to Teaching Speaking

13. summary • What is speaking? • Background to teaching Speaking