1 / 32

Feedstuffs

Feedstuffs. Swine, Sheep and Goat nutrition. Feedstuffs. Definition- any component of a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function Functions Provide source of nutrients and energy Combined to produce rations Modify characteristics of diet. Eight Classes of Feedstuffs. Dry roughages

armand
Download Presentation

Feedstuffs

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Feedstuffs Swine, Sheep and Goat nutrition

  2. Feedstuffs Definition- any component of a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function Functions • Provide source of nutrients and energy • Combined to produce rations • Modify characteristics of diet

  3. Eight Classes of Feedstuffs • Dry roughages • Pasture and range grasses • Ensiled roughages • High energy concentrates • Protein sources • Minerals • Vitamins • additives

  4. 1. Dry Roughages • Bulky feed that has low weight per unit volume • High crude fiber content, low protein and fat digestibility • A feed is classified as a roughage if it contains >18% crude fiber and <70% total digestible nutrients • Ex: • Hay: alfalfa or grass • Straw and chaff • Corn cobs

  5. 2. Pasture and Range Grasses • Grazed plants • Dormant plants • Growing plants

  6. 3. Silages and Haylages • Fermented, high moisture feed made from the entire plant, stored in silos • corn, sorghum • Grass, grass-legume, legume

  7. 4. High Energy Concentrate • Cereal grains ( milling byproducts of cereal grains) • Beet and citrus pulp • Molasses • Animal, marine, vegetable fats • Roots and tubers

  8. 5. Protein Supplements Contain > 20% crude protein • Animal, avian, marine sources • Milk and by-products • Legume seeds • Urea

  9. 6. Mineral supplements 7. Vitamin supplements • Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb • Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies greatly • Plants: vitamin concentration affected by harvesting, processing and storing • Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of most vitamins

  10. 8. Additives Non-nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed • Added in very small quantities • Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials • Probiotics, buffers • Colors, flavors • Hormones, enzymes

  11. Estimating Nutritional Value of a Feed • Goal: estimate how well nutrients in feedstuff matches the animals needs Three methods for estimating • Chemical analysis • Digestion and balance trials • Feeding trials

  12. Chemical Analysis • Subdivides the components of the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present • Problem: doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed

  13. Digestion and Balance Trials • Measures the digestibility of feed • Feed consumption and fecal excretion are measured over period of time • Problem: not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue

  14. Feeding Trials • Used extensively • Usually done before chemical analysis or digestion and balance trials • Can evaluate growth, egg production, wool or milk production

  15. Break Time!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6Jw7ml7s8Q

  16. Swine Nutrition- Water • Neonates- 80% water, finishing pigs 55% water • Requirement is influenced by many factors ( environment, moisture content of food, urine output etc) • General guidelines- 1-1 ½ quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed • Lactating sows require more water

  17. Swine Nutrition- Energy • Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue • Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar in milk • Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains • Sows and finishing pigs- some energy from VFA ( volatile fatty acids) from large intestine • Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet

  18. Energy Source Feedstuffs in Swine • Cereal grains ( especially corn) • Damaged grains • Grain by-products • Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for piglets) • Fat (animal and vegetable fats)

  19. Swine Nutrition- protein and amino acids • Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to maintain tissues • Most porcine diets are based on corn and soybean meal, corn is low in lysine • Amino acid requirements for protein accretion is higher than for maintenance • Plant protein sources: soybeans

  20. Swine Minerals • Ca/P- limestone and oyster shells • NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed intake • I- require supplementation, soybean and grain deficient • Fe- injected in piglets, milk deficient, lasts 3 weeks • Mg- usually present in diet • Z – supplemented to prevent parakeratosis

  21. Swine Vitamins • Vit A- supplemented due to def. in corn, breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source • VitD – absent in feedstuffs, expose to sunlight or use sun-cured hays or fish oils in diet • Vit E- req throughout life, legume hay, green forage, cereal grains • Vit K- synthesized in hind gut fermentation (need access to feces), supplement in confinement

  22. Water requirements • 1 gallon per 4 lbs of dry feed consumed • More water when air temp is > 70F • Less intake if water temp is <40 or > 50F • Lower requirement with daily rain, heavy dew or soft wet snow • Lower requirement when eating silage, succulent or range forage

  23. Energy for Sheep • Insufficient energy from low intake or poor quality feed • Energy deficiency reduces growth, fertility, wool quality, death • High energy needs: • Immediately before and after lambing • Flushing ewes and rams for breeding • Finishing lambs

  24. Sheep nutrition- protein • Usually quantity is more important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen • Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs • Green pastures, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes)

  25. Minerals for sheep • NaCl- usually provided ½ to ¾ lb per ewe/month • Ca/P- highest need during lactation, provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for P • I in salt, Co in legumes • Se- narrow margin of safety, deficiency leads to white muscle disease • Zinc- needed for normal testicular development

  26. Vitamins for sheep • Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months • Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may show problems • Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E deficiency • Vit K- synthesized in rumen • Vit C- synthesized by tissues

  27. Goat feeding behavior • Confinement feeding- will pick and choose • Goats will eat more if they have more to select, so offer less feed to force them to choose more of the desired diet • Range feeding- active forager, browses all plant types including trees, shrubs, grasses.Will sometimes defoliate one type of plant.

  28. Goat nutrition- water • Requirements • Intake is related to feed intake and feed intake correlates to productivity • Free access to good quality water • More sensitive to water quality • Lactation increases needs

  29. Goat nutrition- energy • Mostly from carbs and low levels or fat ( high fat inhibits rumen fermentation) • Excess fat is stored in the body around internal organs • Consume more dry matter than other livestock species

  30. Goat nutrition- protein • Most expensive component of diet • Needed to support rumen fermentation and supply amino acids • Unlike fat, excess is not stored • Vary with developmental stage • Protein feedstuffs for goats: soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal

  31. Goat nutrition- minerals • Ca/P – needed for bone and milk production • Phosphorus is met with high diet selectivity • Only salt should be provided free choice • Lush pasture deficient in magnesium

  32. Goat nutrition- vitamins • Only vitamin A is likely to be deficient • Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry cold weather • Occurs in range fed goats when vegetation contains little or no green plant material

More Related