Africa RiskView African Risk Capacity (ARC) Project A Project of the African Union

1. Africa RiskView African Risk Capacity (ARC) Project A Project of the African Union

2. Presentation Outline • Role of AfricaRiskView • Methodology Overview • Rainfall • Drought Indexing • Vulnerability Profiling • Operational Response Costs

3. Africa RiskView: Technical Engine of ARC • AfricaRiskView (ARV) is a software tool that allows countries to: • Analyze and monitor their drought-related food security risk • Define their participation in ARC using transparent criteria • Monitor potential ARC payouts By bringing together existing information on vulnerable populations with drought and crop early warning products, ARV defines a standard setting methodology that allows countries to identify and quantify drought risk and to transfer a portion of this drought risk to ARC All model settings in ARV can be customized for each country and to reflect national risk transfer decisions

4. Africa RiskView Methodology

5. Africa RiskView Approach Africa RiskView estimates the impact of observed weather data on vulnerable populations. To do this requires an understanding of how weather hazards interact with people vulnerable to food insecurity in order to convert information about the magnitude and spatial extent of rainfall shocks into estimates of the number of people affected and the cost of a possible response. For modelling the relationships between these variables, Africa RiskView uses a rainfall-based drought index (WRSI) combined with a scaling factor, to estimate drought-related agricultural livelihood shocks, together with information on a population’s vulnerability to such shocks to estimate the number of people affected; costs are then estimated from response interventions planned to assist them. WRSI and Scaling Factor Vulnerability Profiling Costs Estimates

6. Box 1: Rainfall

7. Rainfall in ARV Cumulative rainfall data for the 3rd dekad of January 2012 of “Country J” • Rainfall estimates (RFE) in ARV are satellite based because: • Ground data scarce • Ground data not consistently available in real-time • Advantage of satellites: • Pan-African, reliable coverage • No human interference • ARV includes more than one RFE source: • RFE1 (1996-2000) and RFE2 (2001-present) from NOAA • ARC2 (1983-present) from NOAA • Users can upload their own datasets for analysis • Resolution is 10 x 10 km across all Africa • Dekadal (10 day) time step: • RFE2 and ARC2 download into ARV automatically from the internet Cumulative rainfall data for the 3rd dekad of January 2012 compared to normal of “Country J”

8. Box 2: Drought Index

9. Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) WRSI value for the “Country J” Main Season 2011 Advantages of WRSI: • FAO’s water balance model • Simple and transparent, well accepted • Used to empirically estimate yield or for monitoring the status of crops and rangeland • Better than cumulative rainfall; needs less processing than NDVI • Can be used as an early warning indicator • Crop specific WRSI Interpretation for Cropping Areas: 0 = “no water” or “no planting” 50 or less = “failure”100 = “no water stress” WRSI value for “Country J” Main Season 2012 compared to normal

10. Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) WRSI value for the “Country J” Main Season 2011 WRSI is the primary drought index used in ARV to convert rainfall into a meaningful indicator for crops and pasture. • Main variable input is rainfall, but information on PET, soil water holding capacity, cycle lengths, cropping calendars etc. is required • ARV uses reference crops for seasons and regions • Input data pre-loaded based on FEWSNET’s settings • WRSI calculated on 10 x 10 km pixel grid like RFE WRSI value for “Country J” Main Season 2012 compared to normal All settings can be changed and customized

11. Drought Definition in Africa RiskView Drought is defined at the administrative level, or other spatial aggregation shape, such as a livelihood zone, by averaging the WRSI values of pixels that fall within that polygon. For the season ahead, for each area (polygon) considered in a country: • Normal Conditions (WRSI Benchmark) in the area are defined as: • Median WRSI value for that area over the previous 5 years • Mild Drought in the area during the season ahead is defined as: • A WRSI value that is between 90% and 80% of the benchmark • Medium Drought in the area during the season ahead is defined as: • A WRSI value that is between 80% and 70% of the benchmark • Severe Drought in the area during the season ahead is defined as: • A WRSI value that is at and below 70% of the benchmark All triggers can be changed and customized!

12. Box 3: Modelled Impact

13. Vulnerability Profiling “Vulnerability profiling” is the process by which households are categorized by their degree of vulnerability to different levels of drought, in each area (vulnerability polygon) for which data on households are available and representative Vulnerability to drought is defined in two dimensions: • Exposure to drought – Represents the impact that a certain level of drought would have on a household’s livelihoods. It is measured by the share of household income coming from livestock and agricultural related activities. • Resilience– Represents the ability of a household to cope with a livelihood shock. It is measured by the poverty status of the household with respect to the national poverty line.

14. Impact of Drought on Income Drought-related agricultural income losses for households in a polygon are related to deviations of the polygon’s WRSI below the benchmark, and are computed with a constant “Scaling Factor” To get from a WRSI deviation to an income loss, two conversions are necessary: • The Scaling Factor in ARV includes both conversion factors • By default, ARV adopts a Scaling Factor of 1.5,but this can be customized WRSI DEVIATION INCOME LOSS YIELD LOSS

15. Vulnerability Profile – Impact of Drought on Income Drought-related agricultural income losses for households in a polygon are related to deviations of the polygon’s WRSI below its benchmark via a constant Scaling Factor • Example, Scaling Factor = 1.5: • Mild Drought • WRSI ≥ 10% below normal • Agricultural-Related Income ≥ 15% below normal • Medium Drought • WRSI ≥ 20% below normal • Agricultural-Related Income ≥ 30% below normal • Severe Drought • WRSI ≥ 30% below normal • Agricultural-Related Income ≥ 45% below normal 10% x 1.5 = 15%

16. Vulnerability Profile – Exposure to Drought Exposure • Each exposure category is defined by a given loss of livelihood (household income). • The more severe the drought, the higher is the impact on a household’s livestock and agricultural related income. • The more a household relies on livestock and agricultural activities for its income, the greater its exposure to a drought of any magnitude. In ARV, a household that loses more than 12%1 of their total household income (livelihood) as a result of a drought is considered to be highly exposed to that drought category. This minimum livelihood loss threshold can be set for each area. For each vulnerability polygon, using household survey data, it is therefore possible to determine the percentage of the population falling into each level of exposure for any type of drought. Source of livelihood data: WFP CFSVA, assuming 12% minimum livelihood loss threshold 1 This number can be customized by changing the scaling factor and the exposure category levels

17. Vulnerability Profile – Exposure to Drought, Example Household Exposure • Remember the impact of drought on income: • Mild Drought: ≥ 15% below normal • income levels • Medium Drought: ≥ 30% below normal income levels • Severe Drought: ≥ 45% below normal income levels 15% x 50% = 7.5% 30% x 50% = 15% 45% x 50% = 22.5% Household’s Income Loss by Drought Type Compared to Livelihood Loss Threshold Mild Drought Medium Drought Severe Drought 7.5% < 12% 15% > 12% 22.5% > 12% • This household is only “at risk” to medium and severe droughts, as they lead to income losses >12% • *Assuming a Scaling Factor of 1.5 and a minimum Income Loss Threshold of 12%

18. Vulnerability Profile – Resilience: Ability to Cope With a Drought Resilience Whenever available, the national poverty line is preferred as more representative of the country context, otherwise the international standard of US $1.25 a day is used. It is then possible to determine the percentage of population falling into each category for any type of drought for each vulnerability polygon as seen in following example: Data source: The income distribution function is derived using the Gini coefficient and the GDP per capita (PPP US$) provided by the UNDP Human Development Report 2011

19. Vulnerability Profile – Resilience, Example Resilience Households in polygon ranked by Wealth Index Richest Income Level National Poverty Line HWI < WIT: Low Resilience Poorest If a Household's Wealth Index (HWI) is below the Wealth Index Threshold (WIT) that corresponds to the national poverty line, the household is classified as having Low Resilience to drought

20. Vulnerability Profile – Exposure and Resilience For each drought category, the actual vulnerability profile of a polygon is determined by the share of “highly exposed population” that also has a “low resilience.” The example below is for mild drought. Below the National Poverty Line (Low Resilience) Highly Exposed to Mild Drought At-Risk to Mild Drought

21. Vulnerability Profile – Exposure and Resilience In the sample polygon, 56% of households are below the national poverty line (low resilience). 26% of all households are highly exposed to drought (high exposure). 13% of all households in this polygon have both low resilience and high exposure, and are therefore at-risk to mild drought.

22. Vulnerability Profile Example Example: “Country J” % Population Not At-Risk % Population At-Risk to Mild Drought % Population At-Risk to Medium Drought % Population At-Risk to Severe Drought

23. Number of People Affected in ARV ARV estimates the population affected by drought in a polygon by overlaying the WRSI deviation for the season on the vulnerability profile For each area (polygon) considered in a country for a season, the estimated population affected by drought, N, is determined by: • If WRSI > Mild Drought Trigger • N = 0, No People Affected • If Mild Drought Trigger > WRSI > Medium Drought Trigger • Population At-Risk Mild Drought > N > Population At-Risk Medium Drought • If Medium Drought Trigger > WRSI > Severe Drought Trigger • Population At-Risk Medium Drought > N > Population At-Risk Severe Drought • If WRSI < Severe Drought Trigger • N = Population At-Risk Severe Drought • These estimates can be aggregated over all polygons considered in a country to estimate national population affected

24. Number of People Affected in ARV Example: Population Affected for Country J

25. Number of People Affected ARV estimates historical populations affected in a polygon assuming today’s population and vulnerability profile: Example: “Country J” Estimated Population Affected by Drought, Main Season, 1996/7 – 2011/12

26. Box 4: Modelled Costs

27. Required Response Costs Lastly, ARV estimates response costs by multiplying the population affected estimates by a response cost per person Example: “Country J” Estimated Response Costs, Main Season, 1996/7 – 2011/12 • Total Response Cost by Polygon = Number of People Affected x Cost per person • Total Response Cost by Country = Sum of all Polygon Response Costs Response cost numbers can and should be adjusted to reflect budgeted contingency plans

28. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D4 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

29. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D7 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

30. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D9 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

31. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D13 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

32. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D16 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

33. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D19 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

34. In-Season Monitoring Estimated Response Costs As-Of D22 Country J – Main Season ARV updates every 10 days as rainfall is reported during a season

35. Summary

36. Customizable Parameters Model Component: Customizable Parameters: • Users can select between RFE2 and ARC2 • Can upload their own gridded datasets as long as they confirm to strict quality criteria for risk transfer Rainfall • All WRSI input settings are changeable by season: • Environmental: PET, Water Holding Capacity etc. • Crop: Crop Type, Ky, Cropping Calendar, etc. • Other water balance outputs from WRSI calculation can be used • All drought triggers and benchmarks Drought Index • Vulnerability polygon layer • Scaling factor • Population data • New household survey data can be used to refine profiles • Profiling approach can be modified to reflect in-country processes Vulnerability Profiles • Cost per person • Existing response mechanisms can be taken into account at the polygon level Response Costs

37. ARC Risk Transfer Parameters Once the underlying ARV model is set, countries can select ARC risk transfer parameters, specifying the terms of their participation in a risk pool, such as: • Deductible, the low severity/high frequency drought risk, as modelled by the ARVrisk model, countries wish to retain and not transfer to ARC; • Ceding Percentage, the percentage of their total modelled risk, beyond the deductible, that countries choose to transfer to ARC; • Limit, the maximum payout countries would receive from ARC in a catastrophic drought scenario. Example: Portion of Modelled Risk transferred to ARC shown in red Example: “Country J “Estimated Response Costs, Main Season, 1996/7 – 2011/12

38. Preparation for ARC Participation • Every aspect of AfricaRiskViewcan be changed and customized by users • As part of the ARC participation process each country will review, refine and edit AfricaRiskViewsettingsbased on their own national disaster risk management plans, early warning processes and risk management tools • In order to transfer risk to ARC, countries will also need to: • Specify the seasons they would like to insure and define the ARC risk transfer parameters for each season; • Pay the corresponding premium to ARC; • Define contingency plans for potential ARC payouts for those seasons