AP PSYCHOLOGY

1. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Social Psychology

2. Social Facts In order to change people’s racist behaviors, we first need to change their racist attitudes. Most people would refuse to obey an authority figure who told them to hurt an innocent person. Individuals pull harder in a team tug-of-war than when they pull in a one-on-one tug-of-war. We are more likely to offer help to a stranger if other bystanders are present. True False

3. Definition • Social Psychology • scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

4. Social Thinking • Attribution Theory • tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

5. Tolerant reaction, proceed cautiously. Situational attribution “Maybe that driver is ill.” Negative behavior Dispositional attribution “Crazy driver!” Unfavorable reaction (Speed up and race past the other driver, craning to give them a dirty look) Social Thinking • How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it.

6. Social Thinking • Fundamental Attribution Error • tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

7. Social Thinking • Self-Serving Bias A way of maintaining a positive self-image by taking credit for one’s success and emphasizing external causes for one’s failures.

8. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Social Psychology

9. Dude - Cop an Attitude! • Attitudes  A learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object in a particular way.

10. Internal attitudes External influences Behavior Social Thinking • Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences

11. Social Thinking Attitudes-follow-Behavior “Just Do It!” Changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel.

12. Social Thinking • Cognitive Dissonance Theory • we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash.

13. Social Thinking • Dissonance increases with: 1. The importance of the subject to us. 2. How strongly the dissonant thoughts conflict. 3. Our inability to rationalize and explain away the conflict.

14. Social Thinking • To release the tension we can take one of three actions: 1. Change our behavior. 2. Justify our behavior by changing the conflicting cognition. 3. Justify our behavior by adding new cognitions.

15. Social Thinking What is the smallest minority in this country? The Individual

16. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Social Psychology

17. Social Influence • Normative Social Influence • influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

18. Social Influence • Informational Social Influence • influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

19. Social Influence • Group Polarization • enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group • Groupthink • mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

20. Social Influence • Social Facilitation • improved performance of tasks in the presence of others • occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

21. Social Influence • Social Loafing • The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. • Deindividuation • the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

22. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Social Psychology

23. Social Influence • Personal Space • buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

24. Social Relations • In-group Favoritism • tendency to favor one’s own group

25. Social Relations • Superordinate Goals • shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

26. Social Thinking • Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon • tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

27. Social Relations • Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT) • a strategy designed to decrease international tensions • one side announces recognition of mutual interests and initiates a small conciliatory act • opens door for reciprocation by other party

28. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Social Psychology

29. Social Relations • Prejudice • an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members • involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action • Stereotype • a generalized (often over-generalized) belief about a group of people

30. Social Relations • Aggression • any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis • principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression

31. Social Relations • Passionate Love • an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another • usually present at the beginning of a love relationship • Companionate Love • deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

32. Social Relations- Attractiveness • Proximity • mere exposure effect- repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them • Similarity • friends share common attitudes, beliefs, interests

33. Social Relations • Physical Attractiveness • youthfulness may be associated with health and fertility

34. Attractiveness • Worldwide, men prefer youth and health, women prefer resources and social status

35. Social Relations Is it… “JUST MARRIED” Or just married

36. Social Relations • Suppose you wanted to recruit someone into a club or activity that you were doing. Explain how you would increase your chances of being successful. • How could “groupthink” be dangerous when starting out on a new project? How would you be more persuasive if you held the minority opinion?

37. Social Relations 3. You go to college and hang around friends who share your political views. How will you probably be in four years and why? 4. So far you might think that everything about social psychology is threatening to your sense of individuality and personal freedom. Using as many terms and concepts as possible, explain why this is both bad and not bad.

38. Social Relations • Altruism • unselfish regard for the welfare of others

39. Notices incident? Interprets incident as emergency? Assumes responsibility? Yes Yes Yes Attempts to help No No No No help No help No help Social Relations • The decision-making process for bystander intervention

40. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage attempting to help 1 2 3 4 Number of others presumed available to help Social Relations • Bystander Effect • tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present