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The Civil Rights Era 1954-1975

The Civil Rights Era 1954-1975. The Spark: December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks. A frican American woman in Montgomery, Alabama was told to give up her seat for white folks boarding the bus She refused and was arrested. Post WWII Changes Strengthen Protests:

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The Civil Rights Era 1954-1975

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  1. The Civil Rights Era 1954-1975

  2. The Spark: December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks African American woman in Montgomery, Alabama was told to give up her seat for white folks boarding the bus She refused and was arrested Post WWII Changes Strengthen Protests: Since the Civil War, African Americans had fought for equality with little success After WWII, more Americans began to see racism as evil They made the connection between racism and the rise of dictators like Hitler Having fought for freedom in Europe, they wanted equality at home The Great Migration(s) had brought more African American's to the cities, got jobs, made $, connections with other African American's etc...

  3. Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson: (January 31, 1919 - October 24, 1972) Jackie Robinson was the first black Major League Baseball player (of the modern era). He broke the baseball color line when he debuted with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. As the first black man to play in the major leagues since the 1880's, he was instrumental in bringing an end to racial segregation in professional baseball, which had restricted black players to the "Negro Leagues" for sixty years. The example of his character and talent challenged segregation, which then marked many other aspects of American life, and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights movement. Robinson and his son David (then age 11) are interviewed during the March on Washington, August 28, 1963

  4. Equality in Education: Brown v. Board of Ed of Topeka, Kansas overturns Plessy v. Ferguson 1954 1896: Plessy case establishes "separate, but equal" NAACP has fought segregation and discrimination since its founding in 1909... But this decision was a major roadblock 1950's: African Americans all over the country fought segregation They mainly wanted integration in public schools 1954: Reverend Oliver Brown, a welder from Topeka Kansas sued the school system so his 8 year old daughter Linda could attend the all white school near their home instead of traveling by foot over a railroad switchyard and then bus to get to the all black school The Browns lost...

  5. Lead council for the NAACP Thurgood Marshall persuaded the Supreme Court that racial segregation in public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment and therefore unconstitutional... Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the unanimous (9-0) decision stated that: "We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This was limited to the public school system and had a loophole The SC did not say how desegregation would occur until 1 year later... It only ordered that integration be carried out "with all deliberate speed" Mostly whites controlled schools resisted The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education integrated the schools. Here, the first day of desegregation, on Sept. 8, 1954, at Fort Myer Elementary School in Fort Myer, Va. Thurgood Marshall would later become the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court Justice

  6. Massive Resistance: The severe opposition of whites to desegregation Integrating the Schools: Southern whites (KKK and the White Citizens Council) Used brutal tactics and was very successful in delaying desegregation... Showdown in Little Rock...

  7. After the Brown decision, The Little Rock school board began to make plans to desegregate... 1957: A federal judge ordered all white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to begin admitting African American students. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus opposed this decision and called in the state's National Guard to block any African Americans from entering Central HS. September 4, 1957: On the first day of classes, all 9 were blocked from entering the school. 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford did not receive the call to meet the other 8 (because she didn't have a phone!) and walk in together. She took the bus to Central and attempted to enter (in a special black and white outfit she made special for that day). She was harassed and screamed at by the white students and finally blocked by the guards and their bayonets. For the first time since the Civil War, a Southern state defied a federal order. A federal judge ruled the governor had violated a federal law and he removed the state's National Guard. President Eisenhower sent hundreds of soldiers (federalized the AK National Guard) to Little Rock to patrol the school and protect the students. (they even walked them from class to class) For the first time in 81 years, a president was sending troops to the South to protect the rights of black citizens. September 24, 1957: They were finally able to attend classes at Central HS, but it would prove to be a very difficult year (even with their "escorts")

  8. Hazel Bryan Massery: At the 40th Anniversary... She apologized to Elizabeth Eckford for her behavior.

  9. August 1958: Faubus called a special session of the state legislature to pass a law allowing him to close public schools to avoid integration and to lease the closed schools to private school corporations... The following year the public school system closed for the year. This is known as "The Lost Year." June 1959: A federal court declared the state's school-closing law unconstitutional.

  10. August, 2005 Little Rock Nine monument at the Arkansas state capital

  11. While School integration continued, African Americans made other advances securing their rights... Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1, 1955: 6 months after the Brown decision Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person She did not resist because she was tired, she didn't get up because she was,"...tired of giving in." Her church sent out a message urging all "Negro's" to stay off the busses (75% of all riders... over 17,000 riders, were African Americans) NAACP held a meeting to decide if the boycott was to continue MLK spoke at that meeting: "There comes a time when people get tired. We are here this evening to say to those who have mistreated us so long that we are tired of being segregated and humiliated; tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression." The boycott went on for 13 months Blacks and whites alike rode their bikes, organized carpools, etc... African American taxi drivers charged 10 cents instead of the regular 45 cents... The Montgomery Improvement Association bought station wagons.. With each named for it's church sponsor, they were called "rolling churches" There were bomb and death threats, jailing's, etc... It will be these violent reactions to the nonviolent demonstrations that will grab the attention of the American public!

  12. November 13, 1956: The Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional. Led to the funding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Ended segregation on Montgomery Busses Montgomery Boycott results Put MLK on the map! Made him one of the best known civil rights leaders in the nation

  13. Non-Violent Protest With the victory in Montgomery, Dr. King became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement He was greatly influenced by A. Philip Randolph and Mohandas Ghandi His protest methods were based on non-violence and civil disobedience (refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust) January 1957: Dr. King and 60 other ministers started the SCLC (including Jesse Jackson)... Southern Christian Leadership Conference They encouraged non-violent protests and showed how to protect from violent attacks... They discussed how to target protests and organize for the protests...

  14. The Early Struggle for Equal Rights.... 1909 1955 Founding of the NAACP SC rules on integrating of public schools 1957 1954 Confrontation at Central HS in Little Rock Arkansas Brown v. Board of Ed decision

  15. Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till Emmett Till at Christmas 1954 (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) Emmett was an African-American boy who at 14 years old, while visiting from Chicago, was murdered in Mississippi after reportedly being dared by friends to flirt with a white woman in a grocery store. Remains of Bryant's grocery store in 2009 The Jury (1955)... Seated in the first two rows... Drank beer during the trial...

  16. The defense stated that the prosecution's ideas of the events the night Till was murdered were not likely. They said the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam (the defendants). Only three outcomes were possible in Mississippi for capital murder: life imprisonment, the death penalty, or acquittal . On September 23, 1955 the jury acquitted both defendants after deliberating for 67-minutes. One juror said, "If we hadn't stopped to drink pop, it wouldn't have taken that long."

  17. Kennedy and Nixon 1960 Presidential Election Democratic John F. Kennedy Promised to, "Get the country moving again" Lagged in the polls because of his Catholic faith Americans were concerned that his loyalty was to the Pope and not America Naval hero from WWII Stationed in the Pacific on a PT boat (patrol torpedo) He saved he life of a crew member when the Japanese sank his PT He swam him to safety on his back 1946 elected to Congress 1952 elected to Senate Republican Vice President Richard M. Nixon Promised to continue the policies of the wildly popular President Eisenhower

  18. 1960 First Televised Presidential Debate Nixon was recovering from being sick...He appeared tired Kennedy appeared youthful and handsome

  19. November, 1960 70 million voters turn out!

  20. Kennedy's Domestic Policies: Outlawed discrimination in federal housing He called for a "New Frontier" of social reforms: Federal aid for education and the poor. Expanded African American voting. Civil Rights legislation. Increased job opportunities. Established Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. November 22, 1963: VP Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president after JFK is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, TX. SC Chief Justice Earl Warren headed a commission that later stated Oswald acted alone in the assassination.

  21. The Movement Grows... Sit-Ins Energize the Movement... February 1, 1960: 4 African American college students enter a Woolworth's in Greensboro, NC They settle into a "whites Only" lunch counter and stayed until closing... They vowed to return daily until they received the same service as whites News of this "sit-in" spread rapidly and swept the nation Other sit-ins were held throughout the nation against stores that practiced segregation SNCC: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Ella Baker was the guiding spirit behind the group She was the executive director of the SCLC She encouraged the youth of the day to create their own organization The SNCC soon followed

  22. Where are they today? Can You Match Them? Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair Jr. and David Richmond #1 Make your match... #2 Then... Tap their "chair" to see if you guessed correctly! North Carolina A & T University Greensboro, NC February 1, 2010

  23. Freedom Rides May 4, 1961: The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) tested the ruling A group of African Americans and white CORE members left Washington DC on 2 busses headed for New Orleans Whites would sit in the back, African Americans in the front and not move At bus stops, African Americans would try to use "whites only" facilities 1960: SC ruled against segregated bus facilities Alabama, 1961: Angry whites taunt freedom riders along their route from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi

  24. Violence and Arrests Angry whites stoned and beat the riders in Montgomery, Alabama Attorney General Robert Kennedy asked CORE members to stop the freedom rides to allow for a "cooling off" period... They refuse... As the freedom rides pressed on, so did violent reaction in Birmingham and Alabama Arrests for trespassing and jail by the Mississippi National Guard Freedom Rides continue.... Fall 1960: Kennedy sent federal troops to protect the riders SC issued new regulations banning segregation on interstate busses The riders had achieved their goal

  25. Integrating Universities... 1962: Federal court ordered University of Mississippi to enroll African American James Meredith. MI Gov. Ross Barnett and state police kept him from registering. President Kennedy sent federal marshalls to escort him to campus. Riots erupted... 2 people killed. 1963: Meredith graduated thanks to federal troops protection for the entire time he was there. Gov. Ross Barnett June, 1963: Alabama Governor George Wallace stated he would, "Stand in the schoolhouse door" to block integration of the University of Alabama (the last all white campus) Again, Kennedy sends in Alabama National Guard to ensure entry of the African Americans Wallace backed down

  26. Birmingham: April, 1963: King and the SCLC targeted Birmingham, Alabama for a desegregation protest They knew Eugene "Bull" Connor the city's Public Safety Commissioner (and Chief of Police) would result to violence to stop the protests The sight of these segregationists attacking the non-violent protesters would increase the pressure to change After about a week of protests, police arrest hundreds of demonstrators, including King (and 900 children!) During his 2 weeks in jail, he wrote the eloquent,"Letters from a Birmingham Jail" on toilet paper and in the margins of a newspaper smuggled to him by a friend National TV showed vivid footage of police brutality (and their dogs) on the unarmed demonstrators.... May 12, 1963: President Kennedy sent in 3,000 troops to restore the peace

  27. Murder of Medgar Evers June 11, 1963: Jackson Mississippi Medgar Evars (a state field secretary for the NAACP) was murdered June 11, 1963: This forced Kennedy (at the urging of his brother Bobby) to speak to the "moral issue" facing the Nation in his address to the nation in Days later, he introduced new legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in public places and barring discrimination in employment King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said, "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation."

  28. March on Washington August 28, 1963: In order to rally support for the new legislation, Dr. King and the SCLC organized over 250,000 people in a massive march on Washington DC Over 200,000 people took part in the march Dr. King delivered his "I have a Dream" speech at this event

  29. November 22, 1963: President Kennedy was in Dallas, Texas to campaign As thousands of people turned out to greet him, shots rang out The President was hit and died 1 hour later The nation was deeply saddened by the assassination for decades to come LBJ vowed to continue JFK's policies The nation's grief led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 This Act banned segregation in all public places and created the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

  30. Sunday, September 15, 1963: The 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama (King's old HQ) was bombed by violent racists on The explosion at the African-American church, which killed four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. MLK gave the eulogy for the girls July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed by LBJ Outlawed discrimination in hiring and segregation in stores, restaurants, theaters and hotels (all public places) and established the EEOC

  31. Freedom Summer: June, 1964... The SNCC organized a voter registration drive for Southern blacks Thousands of civil rights workers spread through the south to register African Americans to vote The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools and Freedom Houses in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population. The project, (which was opposed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP) and barely welcomed by the SCLC was organized by the only two groups working on Civil Rights in Mississippi. The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) and the Student-Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC). Robert Parris Moses, SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed the summer project. Over the course of the ten-week project: ·4 civil rights workers were killed (one in a head-on collision) ·at least 3 Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the civil rights movement ·4 people were critically wounded ·80 Freedom Summer workers were beaten ·1,062 people were arrested (volunteers and locals) ·37 churches were bombed or burned ·30 Black homes or businesses were bombed or burned

  32. The Fight for the Right to Vote Continued... 1965: The SNCC (Students for Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organized voter registration drives in Selma, Alabama The first march took place on March 7, 1965 — "Bloody Sunday" — 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs and tear gas. The second march took place on March 9. March 15, 1965: President Johnson stepped in... He told Alabama Governor George Wallace that he would not tolerate any further violence LBJ sent troops to protect the third march, which began on March 21 and lasted five days, made it to Montgomery ,51 miles (82 km) away. In a televised event, he urged Congress to pass The Voting Rights Act of 1965

  33. Civil Rights Act of 1964: Banned discrimination (against African Americans in employment), voting and other public places not only by race, but also by gender, religion, and national origin August, 1965: Johnson signed the bill into law The law banned literacy tests and any other laws that kept blacks from registering to vote It also gave the federal govt. the right to force local officials to allow African Americanas the right to vote Immediately there was a dramatic increase in black representation President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 with James Farmer, Director of the Congress of Racial Equality.

  34. The GREAT Society: President Johnson's set of programs... He called on Americans to reduce poverty, improve education, promote equality, and rebuild decaying cities. He used his 22 year experience in the Congress to get policies put into law. 1964: The President declared war onPOVERTY! Programs were developed to help those who fell below the poverty line (minimum income needed to live) Head Start, Job Corps, Medicare(health insurance for elderly) and Medicaid (health insurance for low income families) Other targets were: Cities: HUD Housing and Urban Development Created for public housing projects Model Cities was created to give $ to rebuild cities Education: Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965 Helped the public school system and the environment...

  35. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed discrimination in all public places created the EEOC Barred different voting standards for whites and blacks Voting Rights Act 1965 Banned literacy tests LBJ's GREAT SOCIETY Elementary & Secondary Act of 1965 Federal aid to education Medicare (Medicaid) Act 1965 Assisted the aged and poor with medical care

  36. Other Voices... By the time King had died, many African American questioned his vision and called for BLACK PRIDE and BLACK POWER Malcom X (Malcom Little): Became the leader of the Nation of Islam (from Omaha, Nebraska) after his time in prison. Urged that the best way for African Americans to achieve justice was to separate themselves from the whites (His dad was a follower of Marcus Garvey) He urged his followers to build their own businesses, learn to defend themselves, an seize their freedom "by any means necessary." 1965: After a trip to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, he began to change his tune He began to call for: "a society in which there could exist honest white-black brotherhood" Feb 21, 1965: He is murdered by members of the Nation of Islam

  37. Black Power: Was popular in poor black neighborhoods Led by Stokely Carmichael, who later became the leader of the SNCC "We have been saying freedom for six years now and we ain't got nothing." Philosophy of racial pride encouraged them to create their own culture and political institutions They, at times, called for revolution, etc... Black Panther Party: Oakland, CA They symbolized the tension between African Americans and urban police They demanded reforms and armed themselves "Say it loud - I'm black and I'm proud" James Brown

  38. Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement... Violence Erupts The SCLC wanted to continue the campaign on nonviolence, but some groups wanted to become more aggressive August, 1965: First major riots since the 1940's Large-scale riot which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. By the time it was over, 34 people had been killed, 1,032 injured, and 3,438 arrested. It would stand as the most severe riot in Los Angeles' history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. The riot is viewed by some as a reaction to the record of police brutality by the LAPD and other racial injustices suffered by black Americans in Los Angeles, including job and housing discrimination.

  39. The LA Riots Were the First of Many Racial Disorders to Follow: July 1965: 5 days of protest ended in 26 deaths and more than $10 million in damages in Newark, NJ July 1965 (one week after Newark): Detroit is shut down due to violence "What happened? Why did it happen? What can be done to prevent it from happening again and again?" President Johnson commissioned a study called the Kerner Commission to help improve the situation They warned... "...our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal" The SCLC wanted to continue the campaign on nonviolence, but some groups wanted to become more aggressive A failed attempt by King and the SCLC in 1966 to secure the civil rights of African Americans in Chicago continued to frustrate King's followers

  40. Phase Two of the Civil Rights Movement: The Poor People's Campaign November 27, 1967 Poverty afflicted a diversity of races, regions and backgrounds. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales , and the SCLC recruited from Mississippi to Illinois . People of all walks of life came from across the nation. Jobs, income and housing were the main goals of the Poor People’s Campaign. The campaign would help the poor by dramatizing their needs,uniting all races under the commonality of hardship and presenting a plan to start to a solution. They demanded an Economic Bill of Rights. Under the "Economic Bill of Rights," the Poor People's Campaign asked for the federal government to prioritize helping the poor with: A guaranteed annual income measure. More low-income housing. A $30 billion anti-poverty package. A commitment to full employment.

  41. Dr. King's Last Moments... Sept 20, 1958: King survives a stabbing during a book signing in Harlem April 3, 1968: King was in Memphis, Tennessee to support striking sanitation workers Like many black ministers, King loved the stories in the Old Testament. On the night before his death, King recalled the story of Moses. After leading the children of Israel for 40 years through the desert, Moses had finally reached the promised land. God then told him he couldn't go into this land but would only be allowed to see it from a mountaintop. In Memphis, on the night before he was killed, King declared prophetically: "Well, I don't know what will happen now; we've got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life - longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over, and I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the Promised Land. And so I'm happy tonight; I'm not worried about anything; I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. " After the speech, Dr. King went back to the Lorraine Motel to rest.

  42. Dr. King is Assassinated: At 6:01 PM, April 4, 1968 He was shot and killed on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel

  43. Segregation was outlawed. The rule of fear ended in the South. Because of Martin Luther King Jr Laws protected African American's right to vote. Farm workers, women, and Native Americans began to realizes the possibilities of equality... "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere... Whatever affects one directly affects all directly." Dr. Martin Luther King

  44. OTHER GROUPS SEEK RIGHTS... The influence of the Civil Rights movement led many American women to organize and push for greater rights and opportunities During the 1960's women's rights were legally limited: Married women especially! 1963: Congress passed the Equal Pay Act Prohibited employers from paying women less than men for the same work February 25, 1963: The Feminine Mystique, a book by Betty Friedan and according to The New York Times obituary of Friedan in 2006, it: “ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” and “is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century” June 30, 1966: NOW... National Organization for Women Feminists created this to fight for equal rights for women in all aspects of life (jobs, education, marriage) "A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle" -Gloria Steinem (leading feminist spokes person)

  45. 1970's: N.O.W. began a campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution The amendment failed to get the required votes from the states, but was not a total loss Women gained more job opportunities and rose to higher level jobs September 21, 1981: Sandra Day O'Conner was appointed the first female to the Supreme Court NOW Successes More higher level jobs open to women... More job opportunities... Women filled local, state and federal political offices...

  46. Farm Workers Organize: Mostly Mexican American Migrant Farmers Did back breaking work from dawn until dusk for low pay and when one job ended, they had to travel to another farm to find work 1962: Cesar Chavez: Organized thousands of farm workers into UFW (United Farm Workers) They went on strike, organized boycotts, and used non-violent forms of protest to gain equality. Other unions sprang up as well: LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens Won lawsuits for Latino's to serve on juries and Send their kids to integrated schools La Raza Unida: "The United People" To fight discrimination and elect Latino's to govt. posts

  47. Native Americans Organize NCAI: Founded in 1944 National Congress of American Indians Sought to gain more control over Native American lives Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968: Protected the constitutional rights of all Native Americans It also recognized the rights of Native Americans to make their own laws on the reservations 1968: AIM... American Indian Movement Worked for equal rights and improved living conditions They occupied federal buildings and even Wounded Knee in order to bring attention to the terrible poverty and ill health of Natives across the nation 1975: Indian Self-Determination Act Gave tribal governments more control over social programs, law enforcement and education

  48. Americans with Disabilities... 1960's and 1970's: People with physical disabilities also sought equal treatment. Many laws came to afford them the rights they were denied. Gaining access to public facilities, more opportunities in the workforce 1975: The Education for All Handicapped Children: Granted the right of children with disabilities to an equal educational opportunity.

  49. The Supreme Court Moved to Protect Individual Rights: Ernesto Miranda 1966: Miranda v. Arizona A landmark 5–4 decision of the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution an show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. 1969:Tinker vs. DeMoines Independent School District In December 1965, Des Moines, Iowa residents John F. Tinker (15 yrs old), John's younger sister Mary Beth Tinker (13 yrs old), and their friend Christopher Eckhardt (16 yrs old) decided to wear black armbands to their schools (high school for John and Christopher, junior high for Mary Beth) in protest of the Vietnam War and supporting the Christmas Truce called for by Senator Robert F. Kennedy. The court's 7 to 2 decision held that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and that administrators would have to demonstrate constitutionally valid reasons for any specific regulation of speech in the classroom. The court observed: "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." The Court found that the actions of the Tinkers in wearing armbands did not cause disruption and held that their activity represented constitutionally protected symbolic speech.

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