PURITANS

1. Foundation of Young Goodman Brown PURITANS

2. beliefs • God is omnipotent and good. • Individuals are innately evil, helpless as to their own salvation and insignificant next to God. • Individuals are either saved or damned (Calvin’s theory of predestination). • Governments should function to enforce obedience to God. • The Bible is God’s direct communication to humans. It should be read daily, and individuals should follow it.

3. beliefs • No hierarchic chain of command should govern the church. • Religious holy days or ceremonies were not celebrated. • Only the elect were allowed church membership and Holy Communion. • Because of a belief in Biblical typology, Puritans were God’s new chosen people like the Jews were in the Old Testament.

4. tulip • Total Depravity • Unconditional Election • Limited Atonement • Irresistible Grace • Perseverance of the Saints

5. practices • Education was highly emphasized. Illiteracy was a sin. • Personal diaries were highly regarded along with Sermons. • They preferred writing in “plain style.” Thus, they used the Geneva Bible of 1560 instead of the King James Version of 1611. • They only accepted the Bible as literature worth reading. They rejected all forms of fiction.

6. practices • They did not permit dancing or theatrical productions; however, they did permit drinking alcohol but only with constraint. • They were a male-oriented society. The ideal Puritan woman was married, subservient to her husband, humble, and devoted to God, husband, and children. Greg and Barbara Perkins

7. Themes in Hawthorne • Alienation • A character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both. • Initiation • Involves the attempts of an alienated character to get rid of his isolated condition. • Problem of Guilt • A character's sense of guilt forced by the puritanical heritage or by society; also guilt vs. innocence.

8. Themes in Hawthorne • Pride • Hawthorne treats pride as evil. He illustrates the following aspects of pride in various characters: physical pride (Robin), spiritual pride (Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand), and intellectual pride (Rappaccini). • Puritan New England • Used as a background and setting in many tales. • Allegory • Hawthorne's writing is allegorical, didactic and moralistic. Ruben, Paul. PAL: Perspectives in American Literature: A Research and Reference Guide. “Early Nineteenth Century: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864). 26, June 2000. http://www.wwnorton.com/naal/frame/1865.htm.

9. motifs • The Quest • The Initiation • The Tragedy • The Comedy • The Temptation • The Rescue • The Cinderella • The Scapegoat • The Journey • The Death/Rebirth

10. Pilgrim’s Progress • As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place where was a Den, and I laid me down in that place to sleep: and, as I slept, I dreamed a dream. I dreamed, and behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked, and saw him open the book, and read therein; and, as he read, he wept, and trembled; and, not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying, What shall I do?

11. In this plight, therefore, he went home and refrained himself as long as he could, that his wife and children should not perceive his distress; but he could not be silent long, because that his trouble increased. Wherefore at length he brake his mind to his wife and children; and thus he began to talk to them: O my dear wife, said he, and you the children of my bowels, I, your dear friend, am in myself undone by reason of a burden that lieth hard upon me; moreover, I am for certain informed that this our city will be burned with fire from heaven; in which fearful overthrow, both myself, with thee my wife, and you my sweet babes, shall miserably come to ruin, except (the which yet I see not) some way of escape can be found, whereby we may be delivered.

12. Now, just as the gates were opened to let in the men, I looked in after them, and, behold, the City shone like the sun; the streets also were paved with gold, and in them walked many men, with crowns on their heads, palms in their hands, and golden harps to sing praises withal. • Then I saw that there was a way to hell, even from the gates of heaven, as well as from the City of Destruction. So I awoke, and behold it was a dream.