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Grammar Vocabulary

Grammar Vocabulary. Grammar: Irregular/Exceptions:. (from Greek prefix gram- / graph- : "to draw, to write“). t he rules about how to use words in a language.  English DOES have rules! We learn these in grammar class. But in English, we break all the rules! Why? .

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Grammar Vocabulary

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  1. Grammar Vocabulary • Grammar: • Irregular/Exceptions: (from Greek prefix gram-/graph-: "to draw, to write“) the rules about how to use words in a language  English DOES have rules! We learn these in grammar class. But in English, we break all the rules! Why? • English has over one million words. • (French has <100,000 words. ) Why so many? words or usages that break typical rules

  2. History of the English Language Part I

  3. Part I: English grows in England http://www.earlyyearsresources.co.uk/history-geography-c406/geography-c427/british-isles-outline-map-p12705 United Kingdom Scotland Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland (Not part of UK) England Wales Modern Day

  4. Before English… • Prehstoric/Stone Age (? - 1000 B.C.) Illustration by Viktor MikhaylovichVasnetsov (PD-1923) • Contribution to the U.K.  Ancient Monuments • Contribution to English  None

  5. The Celts Invade (? - 400 B.C.) • Contributions to the U.K. • Languages (Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, & Irish Gaelic) , Poetry, Art, & Music • Contributions to English • Mostly place names like Britain, • Dover, Thames River, CAMbridge (cam= • “crooked”), the River Avon (avon= “river”), BERKshire (berk= “hilly place”), EXeter, and OXford (ex/ox=“water”).

  6. The Romans Invade (~40 - 400 A.D.) The Romans push most Celts North and West. Some Celts stay and become Romans. • Contributions to the U.K. • Buildings, aqueducts, roads, etc. •  Contributions to English (then) • Mostly place names: London, places ending in –CASTER/CESTER or –CHESTER (Latin for “camp”) such as Chester, Manchester, Winchester, Lancaster, Gloucester, etc.

  7. English comes to England! • In the 400’s A.D., the Roman Empire was attacked by Germanic tribes. The Romans in England were called back to Rome to help. • Celts who had been “Romanized” were left helpless in England. • Germanic tribes wanted England’s farmland and its minerals (lead, copper, tin, silver). • These tribes spoke an ancient form of German.

  8. The Indo-European Roots of the Old Germanic Languages

  9. Germanic Tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) Invade Romanized Celts escape to Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.

  10. The Germanic Tribes invade in the 400’s. • By 1000 A.D., the tribes have mixed together. • The people are called Angelcynn (“Angle-kin” = “related to the Angles). • The Country is called Englaland (“The land of the Angles”). • The language, Anglo-Saxon, is called Englisc = Old English.

  11. Hwæt we Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyningaþrymgefrunon, huðaæþelingasellenfremedon. Oft ScyldScefingsceaþenaþreatum monegummægþummeodosetlaofteah, egsodeeorlas, syððanærestwearð feasceaftfunden; he þæsfrofregebad, weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndumþah oðþæt him æghwylcþaraymbsittendra oferhronradehyranscolde, gombangyldan. þætwæs god cyning. • Old English: The first form of English æ= ð/þ= Hwæt = we= -dena= in= dag= cyning= hu= ða= oft= eorl= fund= he= under= weorð= ofer= rade= scolde= gyld= þæt= wæs= god=

  12. Beowulf • One of the oldest written works in Old English. • Written down ~700-1000? • Before it was written, it was an old story.

  13. Words we still use from Old English • the • that • and • am • is • are • I • me • you • he • his • it • run • laugh • speak • work • not • father • mother • wife • do • work • drink • eat • day • earth • heaven • sea • all • thing • steal • house • ship • bath • bridge • sheep • dog • wood • field • glee • here • there • and • many • more!

  14. Old English words often changed forms in a different way than Modern English words. • Why? Over many years we have SIMPLIFIED English (Examples: past verb = “-ed” / plural nouns = “-s”) • But very old words people use every day stayed the same. So NOW they seem irregular. • NOUNS • wife/wives • man/men • woman/women • child/children • wolf/wolves • goose/geese • sheep/sheep • fish/fish • VERBS • be/am/is/are/was/were • run/ran • eat/ate/eaten • drink/drank/drunk • sing/sang/sung • say/said • speak/spoke/spoken • think/thought

  15. Who invades next? • The Christians (bringing Latin back!) • The Vikings (bringing Old Norse) • The Normans (bringing Old French) • What did they bring to English? Wait for the History of the English Language: Part II

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