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NOVA SCOTIA GROUND SEARCH AND RESCUE ASSOCIATION

NOVA SCOTIA GROUND SEARCH AND RESCUE ASSOCIATION. SEARCHER – Module one. SEARCHER. MODULE 1 MAP READING AND COMPASS. NOTICE. Map skills are not optional for searchers. ALL SEARCHERS MUST be able to use maps easily and effectively. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.

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NOVA SCOTIA GROUND SEARCH AND RESCUE ASSOCIATION

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  1. NOVA SCOTIAGROUND SEARCH AND RESCUE ASSOCIATION SEARCHER – Module one

  2. SEARCHER MODULE 1 MAP READING AND COMPASS

  3. NOTICE Map skills are not optional for searchers. ALL SEARCHERS MUST be able to use maps easily and effectively

  4. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • A MAP is a pictorial representation of a portion of the earth’s surface • Many types of maps exist but for our purpose, they can be divided into two main categories:

  5. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • Those that, record to scale, natural and man-made features • Those that record and display other types of information and features

  6. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • Maps that record to scale and features are: • Atlas Maps- very small scale maps showing whole countries,continents,or regions • Topographic Maps-used primarily for map reading. They show as much detail as their scale allows. Their purpose is to present a complete and accurate picture of the ground as it exist, • Plans- very large scale maps drawn in great detail. A plan covers so small an area, they are used basically for special operations

  7. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • Maps that display other types of information are: • Relief Maps- solid maps built as a model,using any scale • Road Maps-intended only for use in road connections • Photo Maps- produced by making a mosaic of vertical airphotos so as to completely cover an area to be mapped

  8. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • The most useful and commonly used map by the searcher is the TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, which can be defined as: A two dimensional representation of a three dimensional configuration of a land surface

  9. TOPOGRAHIC MAPS • Advantages of a Topographic Map • Represent physical features of the earth’s surface without distortion • Made to scale,which means there is a ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground

  10. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • Topographic maps…cont’d; • Provide a base of all SAR activities • Have grids which allow the searcher to describe a point on the map with accuracy • Provide a wealth of information about a particular location

  11. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS • Disadvantages of a Topographic Map • Most common scale 1:50,000, meaning 2cmon the map equal 1km on the ground • Difficult to chart maneuvers • Updated only every 10 years or so, and may be incomplete

  12. MAP CONVENTIONS • Topographic maps have a wide variety of applications • Maps are made with north at the top • A black margin frames the ground area represented

  13. MAP CONVENTION • The title, Scale, Contour Lines,Reference System,Legends and other information are shown outside, and displayed in the margins • Topographic map symbols are usually displayed on the back of the map

  14. MAP CONVENTION • Instructors note Insert a copy of your local map, to help familiarize your student to the area

  15. MAP CONVENTIONS • TITLE • In Canada, there is a National Topographic System (NTS) of indexing maps • Each topographic map is named after some prominent community or place within the area. The title of our map is__________

  16. MAP CONVENTIONS • TITLE…cont’d • The map number is usually displayed in the upper right corner of the map. The number of our map is ____________ • The map number and index number to adjoining maps are usually displayed in the lower right corner

  17. MAP CONVENTION • SCALE • The scale of a map is a ration between a unit of length on the map and the actual distance represented on the ground and can be stated in three ways

  18. MAP CONVENTION • VERBAL-scale in the form of an equation example, one cm to one km, meaning one cm on the map represents one km on the ground

  19. MAP CONVENTION • SCALE …cont’d • Ratio or Fractional –for example 1:50,000 or 1/50,000, meaning that one unit (centimeter,inches,etc) on the map is equivalent to 50,000 like units on the ground • Map Distance/Ground Distance- 1cm/50,000cm = 1cm/500m = 1cm/0.5km

  20. MAP CONVENTION SCALE…cont’d Graphic Scale- a bar scale marked off to show distance in Kilometers, miles, or any unit. Check your local map to view the scale bar

  21. MAP CONVENTION • SCALE …cont’d The scale 1/50,000 map is the most commonly used by SAR personnel. The scale simply states : 1 cm on the map equals 0.5 km on the ground

  22. MAP CONVENTION • SCALE EXERCISE Convert Fractional Scales to Verbal Fractional Scales Verbal Scales 1/20,000 1cm represents____km 1/50,000 1cm represents____km 1/250,000 1cm represents____km 1/1,000,000 1cm represents____km

  23. MAP CONVENTION • SCALE EXERCISE…cont’d Convert Verbal Scales to Fractional Scales Verbal Fractional 1 cm equals ten feet __________________ 1 cm equals ten km __________________ 1 inch equals one mile __________________ 1 cm equals 200 km __________________

  24. MAP CONVENTION • MEASURING DISTANCE There are several methods for measuring distance between two points on a map. • The simplest uses the graphic scale at the bottom of the map. Simply measure between the two points with a ruler then measure the same distance from the scale

  25. MAP CONVENTION MEASURING …cont’d • If you don’t have a ruler, the two points may simply be marked on the edge of a piece of paper then laid along the scale. You will need to measure the distance in sections if it is longer than the graphic scale • Another method is to measure the two points with a piece of string and lay that along the scale • Use a Romer that is designed for the scale of the map being measured

  26. MAP CONVENTION • MEASURING…cont’d • Distance may also be measured with a map wheel, were it is rolled along the map and the display will be either be on a dial or LED screen • Finally, distance can be measured on a map, by using the scale and simple mathematics, this distance can be converted to actual ground distance

  27. MAP CONVENTION • Instructor note Using your local map have students find and measure between two points. And then convert the distance to miles and km

  28. MAP CONVENTION • GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM • Topographic maps have two types of grid reference systems: • Geographic (latitude and longitude) • Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

  29. MAP CONVENTION • Geographic Grid Reference System • Locations on a map are given by Latitude and Longitude Coordinates • Latitude is measured by degrees, from 0-90 north and south of the equator • Latitude is parallel to the equator and are called Parallels

  30. MAP CONVENTION • Grid system…cont’d • Longitude is an angular distance measured east and west from the prime meridian which runs through Greenwich,England. It ranges from 0-180 degrees east or west. Lines of longitude are termed meridians and encircle the earth in a direction perpendicular to the equator

  31. MAP CONVENTION • Grid System…cont’d • Latitude and Longitude coordinates are expressed in units of Degrees, minutes, and seconds. • Each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes(‘) and each minute is subdivide into 60 seconds(“)

  32. MAP CONVENTION

  33. MAP CONVENTION • Grid System …cont’d • By convention, Latitude is stated first, followed by Longitude. • Also include the direction you are referring, such as North,or south latitude • East or west Longitude

  34. MAP CONVENTION • Grid System …cont’d • To read Latitude and Longitude of a map, start at the lower right corner and remember the following: FIRST GO UP AND THEN GO LEFT

  35. MAP CONVENTION • Grid system…cont’d • It is critical that all ground searchers understand the use of the geographic grid since they may have to communicate their position to an aircraft/helicopter or vessel, and virtually all their navigational equipment is designed to use the geographic grid system only.

  36. MAP CONVENTION • Instructor note Using your local map, have students practice 4 or 5 points and identify by using lat/long.

  37. MAP CONVENTION • Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid Reference System • The UTM grid is more “user friendly” • The grid consists of a system of blue lines forming 2cm squares over the entire map • Each square represents 1 square kilometre

  38. MAP CONVENTION • UTM …cont’d • The entire UTM grid is comprised of 100x100kilometre blocks. The grid lines are numbered every kilometre, 0-99 eastward and northward within each block. These numbers are printed along the borders of the map and at intervals on the map area

  39. MAP CONVEBTION • UTM..cont’d • Using this system, any point can be designated to an increment of 1 meter • The UTM system is commonly called the Military Grid Reference System

  40. MAP CONVENTION • UTM…cont’d • A grid map reference is given in six figures and is unique to a particular map • A six figure grid reference will locate any point within 100 meters, and is usually accurate enough for SAR purposes

  41. MAP CONVENTION • UTM…cont’d • Since grid numbers are repeated every 100 kilometres, the map name and number must be stated along with the grid map reference • The method used to determine a six figure grid reference is illustrated in the diagram

  42. UTM EXERCISE

  43. MAP CONVENTION • Instructor note using the same points as in lat/long. Exercise, have students now find the points using UTM reference system

  44. MAP CONVENTION • DATUMS • Map grids are based on a series of accurately surveyed points called Datums • Two Datums currently in use are the North American Datum 1927,(NAD 27) and North American Datum 1983(NAD 83)

  45. MAP CONVENTION • Datums…cont’d • These two Datums are several hundred metres apart in grid spacing thus, • It is very important if you are using GPS, to check to ensure you are using the correct datum • Map datums are located on the bottom margin of the map

  46. MAP CONVENTION • MAP SYMBOLS • Symbols are used to represent features on the ground. The key for these symbols is either on the reverse side of the map or in the margin • All map symbols on Canadian topographic maps conform to the following colour code:

  47. MAP CONVENTION • Canadian colour code black human-made features blue water green forest or vegetation brown elevation (contours) white open areas,field,or snowfields red highways orange secondary or dirt roads pink high population density areas purple updated data

  48. MAP CONVENTION • Instructors note show students the location of the symbols on the local chart you are using.

  49. MAP CONVENTION • TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOURS • A map is prepared on a flat (2-D) paper but the surface it represents has three dimensions. On topographic maps the third dimension or elevation can be indicated with Contour Lines

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