The Civil War: Slavery, Regional Differences, and States' Rights

2. The Civil War: The Causes: A. Slavery: Slavery was the life blood of the South. All events leading to the Civil War revolve around slavery—whether it was to preserve , extend it, or abolish it. Slavery is the reason the Civil War happened. B. Regional/Economic differences between the North and the South. 1. As the United States grew geographic, regional differences between the North and The South created the desire to preserve slavery a. North: Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the North because of its ports, rivers and land developed into an urban, manufacturing base b. South: Relied on agriculture and the need for cheap labor to support that Agriculture

3. 2. The Industrial Revolution with the invention of the Cotton Gin made cotton the cash crop of the South and increased the need for Slavery. C. States’ Rights: Often listed as a cause of the Civil War, States’ Rights is just a failed legal argument to support slavery Events leading to the Civil War: A. The Compromises: History Animated 1. The Compromise of 1820/The Missouri Compromise: The Southern States knew that if they were to keep slavery they needed to control the National Government. They way to do that was to control the Senate. a. When Maine wanted to become a State, it was not allowed in until Missouri was admitted as a slave state to keep the balance in the Senate

4. 2. The Compromise of 1850: The addition of Territory after the Mexican American War caused increased pressure on the South to preserve Slavery. a. California wanted to be a state. But under the Missouri Compromise it should be a slave state, California wanted to be free. b. California was admitted as a free state but the rest of the territories were subject to popular sovereignty. In other words, the people voted if they wanted slavery or not. 3. The Kansas/Nebraska Act of 1854; Kansas and Nebraska should have been admitted as Free states, but Congress passed this law allowing residents to decide. This caused pro and anti slavery opponents to move into Kansas and a guerilla war broke out giving rise to bloody Kansas. The Anti Slavers were lead by John Brown.

5. B. The Political Divisions: 1. Abolitionists: Those opposed to slavery in any form 2. Free Soilers: Slavery can exist in the original states but cannot be extended 3. Popular Sovereignty: Those living in the territories should vote 4. Fire eaters: Slavery must be preserved and and the South should break away

6. Events leading to the War 1. By 1856, Political Parties in America fractured. The Free Soil Democrats and abolitionists formed the Republican Party. The Democratic Party split into North and South Democrats 2. Harriett Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin 3. The Dred Scott Decision by the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens. They were property and Congress could not dictate what people did with their property. It overturned the Missouri Compromise. 4. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: While campaigning for the Senate. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas engaged in a series of publicized debates. 5. John Brown seizes Harpers Ferry in an attempt to cause a slave revolt. He is caught and hung. 6. Lincoln is elected

7. The Election of Lincoln: 1. Four Candidates: Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John Breckenridge, John Bell https://www.270towin.com/historical-presidential-elections/timeline/ 2. Southern states threaten to leave the Union if Lincoln is elected. Six states leave before Lincoln is sworn in.

8. The War: A. Fort Sumter: A federal Fort in Charleston harbor. South Carolina demands that federal troops leave or it will fire on the Fort. Lincoln forces South Carolina to fire the first shot. 1. Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops from the states. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, and North Carolina leave. B. The Battle of Bull Run/ First Manassas http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/animations/BullRunAnimation.html 1. Commanders: Irwin McDowell/ Union, P.G.T. Beauregard/ Confederate C. The Union Plan: Winfield Scott devises the Anaconda Plan to put down the rebellion. He recommends that Robert E. Lee be given command of the Union forces

10. The Peninsular Campaign: George McClellan takes over the Army of the Potomac: 1. He moves the Union Army to the Virginia peninsula to take Richmond. 2. Lee counters: a. By recalling Stonewall Jackson from the Shenandoah Valley b. Defeating McClellan in a series of battles known as the 7 day battles http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/animations/PeninsulaAnimation.html E. USS Monitor v. CSS Merrimack: McClellan can only move after the Hampton Roads are secured. The Monitor races to Hampton Roads to stop the Virginia from breaking the blockade

12. Second Bull Run: Lee moves to strike Washington DC before McClellan can reinforce it. Lee in a series of brilliant maneuvers defeats John Pope at Manassas http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=198 Antietam: Lee decides to invade the North believing that victories on the Northern soil would bring an end to the war. He stopped at Antietam Creek, Maryland by McClellan. In the single bloodiest day of the war 22,000 Americans die. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/animations/AntietamAnimation.html H. Fredericksburg: Lincoln puts Ambrose Burnside in command. Lee is entrenched outside Fredericksburg, VA. Burnside attacks directly and loses 12,000 men. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/animations/FredericksburgAnimation.html

13. Chancellorsville: Lincoln puts Hooker in command after the Burnside debacle. Lee is entrenched at Chancellorsville and after more brilliant maneuvering, uses Jackson to attack the Union left flank. It is a brilliant victory. But Jackson is shot by his own men and dies 10 days later. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=142 Gettysburg Meanwhile out west: 1. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson: Ulysses S. Grant moves down the Mississippi River and into Tennessee. He captures Fort henry and forces the surrender of the garrison at Fort Donelson earning his nickname. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=147 2. Shiloh: Grant moves further into Tennessee and is surprised at Shiloh,. Grant reinforces on the 2nd day and wins the battle but is temporarily removed form command http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=173

14. 3. Vicksburg: Grant is returned to command and with a series of maneuvers lays siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi securing the Mississippi for the Union on the same day as the victory at Gettysburg. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=200 Closing out the War: 1. Grant is given overall command of the Union forces. He begins an overland campaign to destroy Lee’s army. In the meantime he sends Sherman into Tennessee to take Atlanta and march to Savannah 2. The Overland Campaign: although Grant continues to take heavy losses he knows Lee cannot sustain his losses. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=192 3. Grant lays siege to Petersburg and Richmond and slowly chokes Lee’s forces. http://historyanimated.com/verynewhistorywaranimated/?page_id=170

16. Surrender: Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 at Wilmer McLean’s house. 1. Lincoln is assassinated on April 14,1865