The Expanding Republic 1815-1840

1. The Expanding Republic1815-1840

2. Networks of roads, canals, steamboats, and railroads • lowered the cost of travel • Moved goods to wider markets • Facilitated the flow of political information through newspapers and US mail Improvements in Transportation

4. Steamboat • Steamboat allowed craft to go up-river against the current • A furnace heated water under pressure in a boiler • It produced steam, powering an engine that pushed giant paddlewheels

5. Steamboat explosion

6. Thousands died as a result of explosions aboard steamboats In the case of the Lexington, in Long Island Sound, most people died from the cold water rather than the explosion

7. Erie Canal

8. Before the Erie Canal opened, a trip from New York City to Buffalo took two weeks After the canal opened, the same trip took four days Erie Canal opened in 1825

9. An Engineering Feat • 350 miles, from Albany to Buffalo • Linking New York City with the Great Lakes Region

12. Young women employees were cheaper than men • Young women flocked to factory towns from farms, hoping to earn money and to have more freedom • Shoemakers and shoebinders(stitching the top parts of the shoe) • By the 1840s, the young women were replaced by immigrant families Factories

14. Lowell, Massachusetts • 1821 a group of Boston entrepreneurs founded Lowell, where all aspects of cloth production—combing, shrinking, spinning, weaving, and dyeing were centralized

15. Lowell Mills • By 1830, eight mills in Lowell employed more than 5,000 young women who lived in closely supervised company owned boardinghouses.

16. From 1814 to 1840 tremendous growth in state-chartered banks • Second Bank of the United States, with eighteen branches, opened in 1816 with a 20-year charter (the first bank of US charter had expired in 1811) • Banks enlarged the money supply by making loans to manufacturers; they had a lot of power over economy by deciding who got loans Banking

17. Commercial law profession expanded as the banks did • Lawyers wrote new state laws of incorporation for businesses, protecting individuals from being liable for corporate debts • Rewrote laws of eminent domain, empowering states to buy land for roads and canals Lawyers

18. Some state banks had suspended specie payments (the exchange of gold or silver for banknotes) • 1818 the Bank of the US called its loans, requiring the state banks to call their loans, contracting the economy. • Coupled with a financial crisis in Europe in 1819, the result was the “panic of 1819” Financial Panic of 1819

19. The first presidential election in which popular votes determined the outcome; in 22 out of 24 states, voters chose the electors in the electoral college, not the state legislatures Election of 1828

20. New campaign styles • State level candidates gave speeches, appeared at picnics • Partisan newspapers publicized personalities like never before • First time politicians identified themselves as “Jackson men” or “Adams men” and party lines were solidified by the mid 1830s into Whig or Democrat • 1828 first election where character issues of the candidates was important • Adams was vilified as elitist, a monarchist, a bookish academic • Jackson was exposed for his notorious violent temper Political Campaigns

23. Emergence of Two Parties • Whigs (like Adams) a moralistic, top-down party ready to make major decisions to promote economic growth • Democrats (like Jackson) a contentious, energetic party ready to embrace individualism

24. President Jackson • He appointed only loyalists, unlike predecessors who tried to dampen conflict by appointing people of different points of view

25. Jackson Victory and Calhoun as VP • Jackson won a huge victory, and he chose John C. Calhoun as his VP; Calhoun had been VP with Adams but had broken with his policies

26. “to the victor belong the spoils” • He replaced many competent people with party loyalists, initiating the “spoils system” Spoils System

27. He exercised veto power over Congress • Vetoed a federal highway bill in Maysville Kentucky, Henry Clay’s home state • Jackson believed federal tax dollars should not be spent on local projects, but general projects • He used the veto 12 times; all previous presidents together up to that time used it 9 times Veto Power

28. Trail of Tears A 1,200 mile journey west under armed guard25% died, 1838-39

29. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Congress appropriated $500,000 to relocate eastern tribes west of the Mississippi

30. Jackson explained that the removal was the only way to “save the Indians.” • The Indians that resisted were attacked by militias and killed • The Creeks, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Cherokee tribes in the South refused to relocate and a second Seminole War broke out in Florida. Indian policy

31. 1831. Cherokee leaders asked the Supreme Court to stop the State of Georgia from seizing their property. The Court sided with Georgia saying they were not citizens and therefore had no right to sue; • a year later they brought suit again, this time in the name of a white supporter. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832) the Supreme Court upheld the territorial sovereignty of the Cherokee people • Jackson was so angry he ignored the Court saying “If they now refuse to accept the liberal terms offered, they can only be liable for whatever evils and difficulties may arise. I feel conscious of having done my duty to my red children.” Legal Challenges to Indian Policy

32. 1828 Congress passed revised tariff known as the Tariff of Abominations, a bundle of conflicting duties as high as 50% and contained provisions that pleased and angered every economic and sectional interest Economic Policy

33. South Carolina’s John C. Calhoun advanced a doctrine of nullification, arguing that states had the right to abolish Congress’ acts in cases when Congress overstepped its powers. Nullification

34. Jackson became president in 1829, and shut out his VP Calhoun from access and power • Calhoun resigned in 1832, and was elected to the US Senate President shuts out VP

35. South Carolina declared federal tariffs to be null and void in 1833 • Jackson sent armed ships to Charleston’s harbor and threatened to invade the state; he pushed through Congress the Force Bill, defining South Carolina stance as treason and authorizing military to collect federal tariffs Federal Government Vs. States’ Rights

36. Congress passed a revised bill more acceptable to the South and South Carolina withdrew its nullification; it did however nullify the Force Bill. • Federal power had prevailed over a dangerous assertion of states’ rights but the question was far from settled and slavery threatened to emerge as a national political issue. Federal Government prevails

37. Second Great Awakening

39. Temperance

40. Founded by Lyman Beecher in 1826 Drinking led to poverty, crime, and family violence American Temperance Society

41. Abolition

42. Grimke sisters

43. William Henry Harrison