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Michigan Department Corrections MRT February 2006

Michigan Department Corrections MRT February 2006. Cognitive Programs & What Works – Research Update Kenneth D. Robinson, Ed.D. CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING INC. Public Education Statistics (National Center for Education Statistics, 2003). 47.223 million Pre-K through 12 (2000-2001 school year)

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Michigan Department Corrections MRT February 2006

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  1. Michigan Department CorrectionsMRT February 2006 Cognitive Programs & What Works – Research Update Kenneth D. Robinson, Ed.D. CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING INC.

  2. Public Education Statistics(National Center for Education Statistics, 2003) • 47.223 million Pre-K through 12 • (2000-2001 school year) • 93,273 public schools enrolled these students • Status dropout rate was 10.7% for youth ages 16-24 (school year 2000-01) • High School Completers by Race: White 91.2%; Black 83.5%; Hispanic 63.4%; Native American 85.1%; Asian/Pacific Islander 94.0% (2000) • Average Expenditure per Student per year in Public Schools is $ 8,048 (2002-2003)

  3. Casa Five Year Juvenile Study October 2004 • Major Findings were: • 80% of all juveniles between 10-17 have a substance abuse issue. • 75% also have a mental disorder. • Of those using - 92% tested positive for marijuana. • Only 3.6% of those who needed treatment – received it.

  4. Frequency of use by High School Seniors – CSAT 2002 • Children under 21 25% of Alcohol 27 billion 5 million or 31% binge 1 x month • Drinking 80% • Smoking 70% • Marijauna 47% • Other Drugs 29% • Huffing 2 million age 12- 17 tried

  5. Lifetime Cost to Society of One High Risk Youth Dropping Out of HS(Mark Cohen, 2001) “The lifetime cost of one high risk youth dropping out of High School (in 1997 dollars) is $ 1.3-1.5 Million.”

  6. Current Treatment Philosophy BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

  7. What are Alternatives that have been tried by the Justice System • Education • Vocational Training • Drug Testing • Court Cost • Fines • Jail • Prison

  8. Alternatives We have tried • Twelve Step Programs • Psycho-educational Programs • Group Counseling • Individual Counseling • Diversion • Scared Straight • Therapeutic Communities

  9. More Alternatives Tried • Domestic Violence • Boot Camps • Intensive Supervision • Day Reporting • Electronic Monitoring • Behavioral Management • Cognitive Programs

  10. Programmatic & Non-programmatic interventions • What Does Not Work • Confrontation (Scared Straight) R + 24% • Vocational Training in Justice R + 18% • Vocational Training outside R + 2% • Employment Programs outside R + 2% • Indiv.Counseling/Non-behavioral R + 20% • Diversion R 0%

  11. Programmatic & Non-programmatic Interventions • WHAT WORKS • Behavioral Group Counsel (out) R = - 18% • Cognitive Skills (inside) R = - 20% • Multimodal (CBT+behav.+other) R = - 21% • Behavioral programs (inside) R = - 25% • By Ted Palmer IARCA 1993

  12. STATIC PREDICTORS Age Criminal History Family Variables Race Intellectual Function Socio-economic status DYNAMIC PREDICTORS Anti-social personality Companions Criminogenic needs Social Achievement Substance Abuse Personal Distress BEST PRESICTORS OF RECIDIVISM

  13. What’s Not Working: RecidivismEliany & Rush, 1992; Gendreau & Ross, 1979,1987; Lipton, Falkin, & Wexler, 1990 • Educational based programs • 12 - Step Based Programming • Psycho-educational • Punishment • Client Centered • Non-behavioral groups

  14. Effectiveness of Therapeutic Intervention Models • Counseling/Therapy • has been found to be less effective because it is delivered in a non-directive manner • Psychosocial Education • less effective when offered as stand alone. More effective when provided self-diagnosis components of cognitive behavioral therapy • 12-Step Programs • Should be viewed as augmentation to the treatment process • (Simpson et al., 1999)

  15. Theft (83%) Incorrigibility (80%) Truancy (66%) Running Away from Home (65%) Negative Peers as Companions (56%) Physically Aggressive (45%) Impulsive (38%) Reckless Behavior (35%) Slovenly Appearance (32%) Bedwetting (32%) Lack of Guilt (32%) Pathological Lying (26%) Sexual Perversions (18%) Characteristics of Antisocial PersonalityRobbins, L.N. Deviant Children Grow Up: A Sociological and Psychiatric Study of Personality. 1966

  16. Alcohol/Drug Abuse (90%) Problems with Work (85%) Marital problems (81%) Financially Dependent (79%) Arrests (75%) School/Education Problems (71%) Lack of Guilt (32%) Impulsive Behavior (67%) Vagrancy (60%) Social Isolation (56%) Somatic Complaints (31%) Use of Aliases (29%) Suicide Attempts 11% Characteristics of Antisocial PersonalityMost Common SymptomsA Sociological and Psychiatric Study of Personality. 1966

  17. APD More Common Among Addicted • Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (June, 2005) • An epidemiological study of 43,000 adults found a significant association between abuse or addiction and apd, conduct disorder, and adult apd behavior. • This assoc. was higher for women than men. Dependence on tranquilizers, sedatives, marijuana, inhalants, or hallucinogens were more likely APD. • Abuse of cocaine, alcohol, amphetamines, sedatives, or hallucinogens more likely to have adult apd behavior. • We need need to treat APD syndromes to reduce abuse. • By Nora Volkow – Director of NIDA.

  18. WHY HAVE WE NOT BEEN SUCCESSFUL • WE HAVE NOT FOCUSED ON THE CORE ISSUES. • WE HAVE FOCUSED ON WHAT WORKS FOR US - NORPS • WE INVESTED IN DRUG TREATMENT ONLY • WE DID NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE PERSONALITY • HOW WE SEE THE WORLD - PERCEPTION

  19. What Works? • Therefore to effectively reduce the subsequent recidivism rate and antisocial behaviors of participants, all offender programs must include a systematic, cognitive behavioral program.

  20. Amygdala Nature Video Cocaine Video Anterior Cingulate

  21. Table 4 Example of Comparison of Different Therapies

  22. Cognitive Behavioral Treatment • Cognitive behavioral approaches are more structured and directive. • Cognitive behavioral approaches consistently appear to be the most effective treatment therapy for substance abusers. • Programs that include the cognitive component are more than twice as effective as programs that do not • (Gottfredson, 1997; Mackenzie, 1997; MacKenzie et a;., 1998; Andrews, et al., 1995; Andrews & Bonta, 1990; Gendreau, et al., 1993; Palmer, 1995)

  23. Effective Treatment for Adult Criminals - D.A.Andrews 1994 • Effective Treatment Approach Elements: • 1. Cognitive-Behavioral • 2. Program uses printed program manuals • 3. Addresses criminal thinking and needs • 4. Approach validated on criminals • 5 Staff is specifically trained in approach • 6. Structured follow-ups provided

  24. NIC ‘s Thinking for a Change • Golden (2002) Univ of Texas • 22 sessions for 2 hours – closed ended • N=142 (100 male) avg age 27, 71% African-American – control matched. • 13.2% rearrest – dropout 18.2% • Control was 20% - No differences • Recidisim 15.1% vs 20% insignificant

  25. Georgia DOC Cognitive Study Findings • 1155 parolees and 192 pre-release inmates in Georgia were assigned into the Reasoning and Rehabilitation cognitive skills program or into a nontreatment control group. • 30% of these clients assigned to Reasoning and Rehabilitation failed to complete the program. • Differences in prison return data were collected over a period of thirty months. • The recidivism rate of the treated group was 41.7% compared to 45% for controls. The difference was not statistically significant. • Treatment participants had a statistically significant higher rate of technical violations (61%) as compared to the controls (42%). Voorhis, P.V., et.al. (2003) The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment Outcome Evaluation: Phase II Final Report. Joint publication by the University of Cincinnati Division of Criminal Justice and Georgia Department of Pardons and Paroles, NIJ Grant funded, U.S. Department of Justice.

  26. MRT Twice as Effective as R&R • D.B. Wilson, L.A. Bouffard & D. L. MacKenzie. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 172-204, 2005. • Compared findings of cognitive programs. • The two main approaches were MRT & • R &R which accounted for 13 of 20 studies judged of high quality. • Findings were MRT 2 times more effective than R&R.

  27. Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Reasoning • Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain • Stage 2: Reciprocity (back-scratching) • Stage 3: Interpersonal Concordance • Stage 4: Law and Order • Stage 5: Social Contract • Stage 6: Universal/Ethical Principles

  28. Conation • A term derived from the philosopher Rene DesCartes to describe the point where body, mind and spirit are aligned in decision making. Reconation refers to altering the process of how decisions are made.

  29. Major Behavior Change Elements of MRT • Confrontation and Assessment of Self. • Assessment of Current Relationships • Reinforcement of Positive Behavior and Habits • Positive Identity Formation • Enhancement of Self-Concept • Decrease Hedonism • Develop Higher Stages of Moral Reasoning

  30. Unique Program Attributes • Open Ended and Self-Paced • Usable across Systems • Culturally neutral and encompasses a range of learning styles • Utilizes an Inside-Out Process • Standardized curriculum provides facilitator structure and accountability • Program emphasizes feedback and student reflection • Enhances personal problem solving and self-direction • Help students identify their unique strengths

  31. REINCARCERATION RATES OF MRT TREATED FELONY OFFENDERS COMPARED TO NON-TREATED CONTROLS ONE TO TEN YEARS AFTER RELEASE(SHELBY COUNTY CORRECTION CENTER, MEMPHIS, TN 1987-1998) REINCARCERATION RATE YEARS OF RELEASE

  32. COMBINED TAXPAYER AND CRIME VICTIM BENEFIT FOR EVERY DOLLAR SPENT WORK RELEASE PROGRAMS, COMMUNITY-BASED SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT, LIFE SKILLS PROGRAMS, CORRECTIONAL INDUSTRIES, IN-PRISON NON-RESIDENTIAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT AND OTHER COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY WERE NOT INCLUDED DUE TO THE SCARCITY OF EVALUATIONS. SOURCE: THE COMPARATIVE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PROGRAMS TO REDUCE CRIME, A REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH FINDINGS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR WASHINGTON STATE, MAY 1999.

  33. Recidivism Rate Comparison 33% National Average 67% 37% Comparison Group 63% 73% 2002 Opt Outs 27% Did not recidivate Recidivated 100% 2002 Graduates 0% 60% 2001 Opt Outs 40% 75% 2001 Graduates 25% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% data as of 2/03 Percentage Anchorage Drug Court

  34. Illinois High Risk Parolee Re-Entry Program Utilizing MRT 3-Yr Data Source: Illinois Department of Corrections Research Department (2002). Data not yet published. (N = 1503)

  35. 79 Total Juvenile Drug Court Graduates (65 Males/14 Females) Overall Percentage Recidivating Among Graduates May 1998-May 2001 Percentage Recidivating Among Graduates May 1998-September 1999 Without MRT Percentage Recidivating Among Graduates September 1999-May 2001 With MRT All Participants 30.0% (24/79) 44.0% (17/39) 17.5% (7/40) Males 34.0% (22/65) 48.0% (15/31) 21.0% (7/34) Females 14.0% (2/14) 25.0% (2/8) 0.0% (0/6) Table 1: Recidivism Rates Among Juvenile Drug Court Graduates in the Third Judicial District Court Without MRT vs.With MRT

  36. Tennessee Dept. of Criminal Justice March 2002 • Of the 32 youth released from the TC, 94% are arrest free after 24 months of release.

  37. Typical Programs RetentionRate is 28% after six months • Training And Employment Report Of The Secretary Of Labor ,    Written under the direction of the Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration (ETA), Office of Research and Policy, 1998 <>

  38. TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE OUTCOME RESULTS • SUCCESSFUL COMPLETIONS - 77% • EMPLOYMENT PLACEMENTS - 94% • 6 MONTH RETENTION OF JOB - 92% • TRANSITION TO LONG TERM - 92% • INCREASE IN EMPLOYER - 60% COMMITMENTS

  39. BETTER PEOPLE PROGRAMPORTLAND OREGON 2002 • Treatment and Comparison Group consisted of 68 former offenders who attended an Orientation but had not participated in the MRTÒ or any other group components versus those who did. • There were no significant differences in age, ethnicity/race, and gender between the Treatment group and the Comparison group.

  40. TREATMENT GROUP 9% ARRESTED 3% INDICTED 3% CONVICTED CONTROL GROUP 21 % ARRESTED 13% INDICTED 12% CONVICTED BETTER PEOPLE FINDINGS

  41. SRT Behavior Change Elements • Student Accountability • Weekly Goal Setting and Monitoring • Cognitive Behavior Problem Solving • Behaviorally Targeted Class Process • Creating a Positive Peer Culture • Social Skill Building

  42. Range of Student Problems Addressed • Truancy • Poor Academic Performance • Substance Use • Conflicts with Teachers and Disrespect • Lying • Anger and Fighting • Apathy and Depression • Re-Entering School after Suspension

  43. Billings Project Using MRT and SRT with At-Risk Youth—Senior High • 62 kids entered program 1/00-1/02 • Risk of HS Failure Rated by Assistant Principals • Low Risk • Moderate Risk • Moderate-High Risk • High Risk • Extremely High Risk Mean Risk Level—Very High Risk Reg Ed Kids Referred—4.44 Spec Ed Risk Level 4.21

  44. Billings At Risk Freshman Attendance, GPA and Credits Earned Comparisons of 2001 & 2002

  45. Senior High Regular Ed and Special Ed 3.5 Year Outcomes(49 Reg. Ed, 37 Spec. Ed.)

  46. Billings Senior High Cost and Revenue Items Billings Senior High Cost and Revenue Items Debits and Credits Debits and Credits Total Costs of Billings Senior High Behavior Management and Special Education Programs Utilizing MRT and SRT. (This figure does not include teacher and administrator salaries.) Per student cost of program including program developer site visits and travel (not including administrator or teacher salaries or program developer quality assurance costs) @ $ 175 x 86 students $ <10,650> $ <15,050> School revenue retained (at $ 2,200 per semester) for each of the 59 students who remained at senior high for at least two semesters (most students attended longer). School Revenue retained as the result of 43 students remaining in school for two semesters @ $ 2,200 per student per semester. (Actual semesters attended are higher.) $ 189,200 $ 259,600 Net positive school revenue Impact Positive school net revenue retained after program cost $ 178,550 $ 244,550 Billings Senior High School At Risk Project 3.5 Year Revenue Impact

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