Presentation Transcript

1. History 12

   Term 4
2. How Did the US Respond to WWI? Essentially it made us turn to isolationism. We wanted nothing to do with Europe. It was as if we had fought in the war for no reason. Many Americans saw US involvement in WWI as a waste of time. From the very beginning it was not particularly popular. When the war ended many Americans saw a Europe that had changed little. Men had died, sacrifices made...and for what. America had walked into the ring of international diplomacy and affairs and received a bloody nose for our efforts.
3. How did the US Respond to WWI The result was a disillusionment with world affairs. The result of this disillusionment was a fundamental shift in American policy from internationalism to relative isolationism. Everywhere one found a strong impulse to return to old isolationist ways. Wilson's inspiring leadership had keyed the American people to a spirit of self sacrifice that had even resulted in the prohibition of alcoholic beverages. But this was all changing. Victory had brought an emotional letdown - "the slump of idealism." It had also brought a profound disillusionment with the imperialistic and bickering Allies.
4. Response The war to make the world safe for democracy [also known as the war to end all wars] had not made the world safe for democracy, nor had it ended wars. Some twenty conflicts of varying dimensions were being waged in various parts of the world. About all that America had seemingly derived (gotten) from the war was debt, inflation, prohibition, influenza, and ingratitude from Allies whom she had strained herself to help.
5. The Turbulent 20's - Roaring or Snoring? The 1920's were an odd time. On one hand we called it the roaring 20's. America experienced a time of great wealth and new modern ideas. The role of women changed, sports and entertainment stars were celebrated and modern technology changed America's landscape. On the other hand, however, America remained fiercely conservative and religious. We feared public dissent and rural America attempted to turn back the clock of progress. The reality is that America was a divided nation.
6. The Turbulent 20's - Roaring or Snoring? While the US was at war with the Triple Alliance many citizens opposed the war. The government felt that opposition to government policies in time of war threatened our national security. Restrictive laws such as the Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed in order to silence opposition. Many outspoken people were jailed. It was a time of great national crisis and the Constitution was thoroughly tested.
7. What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts? 1917 1. Persons who commit the following acts may be fined up to $10,000 and/or jailed for up to 20 years: a. willfully cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refusal of duty in the military forces . (Espionage Act) b. prohibited disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive remarks about the form of government, flag or uniform of the United States. It even prohibited the opposition to the purchase of war bonds. (not investment advice!) (Sedition Act)
8. What was the result of the Espionage Acts during World War I? 1. Eugene V. Debs, arrested and convicted for opposing the war, 10 years. Gained over a million votes in a run for President while he was in prison. 2. Charles Schenck, member of the Socialist Party, sentenced to 15 years for publishing pamphlets urging citizens to refuse to participate in the draft. He called the draft slavery, among other things.
9. How were the Espionage and Sedition Acts challenged? (Schenckv The United States) 1. Charles Schenck was arrested for violating the Espionage Act, passed by Congress in 1914. The Espionage Act made it illegal to defame the government or do anything that might retard the war effort. Schenck, a member of the Socialist Party, opposed the war and printed and distributed pamphlets urging citizens to oppose the draft which he likened to slavery. Schenck claimed his first amendment rights were violated.
10. Results 2. The court ruled against Schenck saying that the Espionage Act did not violate the first amendment and that in times of war the government may place reasonable limitations on freedom of speech. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes outlined the courts opinion by explaining that when a "clear and present danger" existed such as shouting fire in a crowded theater, freedom of speech may be limited.
11. Roaring 20’s The 1920's were a time of great social change characterized by apparent prosperity, new ideas, and personal freedom. Known as the "roaring twenties" America was reacting to the depression of the World War. It was like a giant party. New technology, new ideas and great change. Yet under the surface the same conservative values still flourished. The economic boom of the era was short-lived, but most of the social changes were lasting.
12. Social Changes  What were some of the manners and moral changes that occurred: 1. America's population generally shifted from rural areas to more urban ones. More than half of the nations population now lived in cities and towns.
13. Social Changes 2. Urban communities life was now unquestionably lively and stimulating. There were many things to see-museums, art exhibits, plays, athletic events, trade expositions, and the like.
14. 1024 × 788 - ncpedia.org
15. Social Changes 3. New ideas in science were examined and often accepted. Of course this was the case in the cities more so than in the small towns. In small town America most people remained relatively conservative. (See Scopes Monkey Trial) People now tended to be judged on their accomplishments rather than on their social background
16. Scopes Monkey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcXaXNSs_lQ
17. What qualities seem to have been idolized in the 1920's? 2 Famous authors from the time period F. Scott Fitzgerald published This Side Of Paradise and The Great Gatsby. He won instant acclaim as the spokesman for the twenties generation. In these novels and others, he described the confusion and tragedy caused by a frantic search for material success.
18. What qualities seem to have been idolized in the 1920's? B. Ernest Hemingway expressed disgust with prewar codes of behavior and the glorification of war. He also developed a clear, straightforward prose that set a new, tough, "hard-boiled" literary style.
19. Sport Heroes A. Babe Ruth - Perhaps the greatest baseball player who ever lived. He led the Yankees to seven world series and his record for Home Runs (Total and in a season - 60) stood for years. Ruth was a media icon and fan favorite. B. Harold Edward "Red" Grange - College football hero, this running back drew tens of thousands to watch him play and helped popularize college football. C. Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. Lost a dramatic title match to Gene Tunney.
20. Sports Hero’s D. Bill Tilden and Helen Wills--Tennis champions who epitomized grace and poise. These star athletes helped popularize the sport of tennis. E. Johnny Weismuller- Olympic gold medal winning swimmer who later starred in Hollywood as Tarzan Lord of the Jungle.
21. Other Hero’s A. Charles A. Lindbergh--He flew a nonstop flight from New York to Paris in thirty-three and a half hours. He was the man who epitomized heroism in the twenties. Lindbergh became a world and national hero who characterized courage and doing the impossible. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R3fGL67mas B. Louis Armstrong--a trumpeter who played the first jazz heard north of Mason-Dixon line. C. W. E. B. Du Bois--founder of the NAACP and worked hard to improve the lives of blacks in America.
22. Quiz 1 Term 4 WWI caused the US to take what type of foreign policy stance? What War time acts restricted the 1st amendment during WWI? List 3 social changes that stuck with the US from the 20’s? List 3 hero’s. One from each category? Author, Athlete, and General Hero’s.
23. Scopes Monkey Trial In 1925 in Dayton Tennessee a group of teachers decided to test a law called the Butler Law. The Butler law made it illegal to teach the theory of evolution and instead mandated the biblical interpretation of creationism. The teachers felt that academic freedom and integrity as well as separation of church and state was at stake. Twenty four year old science teacher and football coach John T. Scopes would teach the class. Knowing he would be arrested Scopes taught the class and set into motion one of the most important trials in American history.
24. Scopes Monkey Trial Scopes was arrested, as expected, for violating the Butler Law. At the ensuing trial William Jennings Bryan (Yes, the Populist guy!) acted as special prosecutor. World famous criminal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow defended Scopes. The trial raged on for days. The judge did not allow any of Darrow's scientists to testify and public sentiment in the Bible Belt was against Scopes.
25. Scopes Monkey Trial In desperation Darrow put Bryan himself on the stand. Darrow brilliantly was able to get Bryan to admit that the word of the bible is not literal, it was interpreted. This seemed to destroy the whole case. Darrow asked for immediate judgment and when the jury came back Darrow was shocked...he had lost! The judge levied the minimum fine possible ($100) against Scopes. Later that year the Scopes conviction was overturned on a technicality.
26. Scopes Monkey Trial What did all this prove? Well for one it showed the religious and conservative nature of America. It also displayed the vast differences between the big cities and the small towns. The big city newspapers covering the trial scoffed at the Butler Law as small minded and archaic. In the cities Scopes was a hero but in Dayton Tennessee he was a criminal.
27. Paper Write a 1 page paper about: What was the Scopes Monkey Trial? How the Scopes Monkey Trial affected the teaching of science? What were the results of the trial?
28. How Did the Role of Women Change in the 1920's? During World War 1, women served their country in almost every possible capacity. They took jobs in steel foundries, chemical plants, and munitions factories. Many went overseas as nurses in the newly created Army Corps of Nurses.
29. The right to vote Their experiences away from home and traditional women's work gave them a strong moral argument for the right to vote. The many tactics of the women and the shameful way they were treated finally forced Congress to deal with the issue. President Wilson, finally declared himself in favor of women’s suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 26th 1920.
30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiNhnkw_GyQ
31. Flappers Many women's styles changed as well. The popular hair style of the time was for women's hair to be cut short into a bob. These modern women were known as "flappers.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPCh1x9mLd4
32. Women working Between 1910 and 1930 the proportion of women in the labor force remained at about 20 percent. However, there was a notable change in the kinds of work that some women did. The number of female cooks, dress makers, household servants, and farm hands dropped. The number of women doctors, bankers, lawyers, police and probation officer, social workers, and hairdressers rose.
33. Women in Work For all the changes in status during the twenties, it was still generally accepted-even by most women-that "woman's place is in the home." Men should earn more than women, it was thought, because usually they supported wives and children. Women workers generally were single. In some states, women teachers who married lost their jobs.
34. Women’s Suffrage As we have discussed the 1920's were a period of great change in America. The success of women's groups in getting prohibition passed was tied to the movement to gain the right to vote. The quest for the passage of this amendment, eventually passed as the 19th, was known as the suffrage movement.
35. Early Efforts 1. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Seneca Falls Conv. 2. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton - National Women's Suffrage Association 3. Lucy Stone - American Women's Suffrage Association 4. Merger of two groups (1890) - National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
36. Movements Wyoming territory admitted with the vote first. National Success 1. 1915 - NAWSA membership reaches 2 million under leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt. 2. 1918 - House passes amendment, fails senate.3. 1919 - Women help elect new Senate, passes Senate. 4. 1920, August 26th - States ratify
37. Debate Women are more qualified to determine the destiny of the nation because as wives and mothers they have the experience to determine how the government should work to support the family.
38. Debate Do you want men and women to truly be treated equally in every aspect?
39. How far have women come? 1919 The federal woman suffrage amendment, originally written by Susan B. Anthony and introduced in Congress in 1878, is passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. It is then sent to the states for ratification.
40. How Far Have Women come? 1921 Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League, which evolves into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942. 1936 The federal law prohibiting the dissemination of contraceptive information through the mail is modified and birth control information is no longer classified as obscene. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, birth control advocates are engaged in numerous legal suits.
41. How Far Have Women Come? 1961 President John Kennedy establishes the President's Commission on the Status of Women and appoints Eleanor Roosevelt as chairwoman. The report issued by the Commission in 1963 documents substantial discrimination against women in the workplace and makes specific recommendations for improvement, including fair hiring practices, paid maternity leave, and affordable child care.
42. How Far Have Women Come? 1963 Betty Friedan publishes her highly influential book The Feminine Mystique, which describes the dissatisfaction felt by middle-class American housewives with the narrow role imposed on them by society. The book becomes a best-seller and galvanizes the modern women's rights movement. June 10 Congress passes the Equal Pay Act, making it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man would receive for the same job.
43. How Far Have Women come? 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bars discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex. At the same time it establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties. 1967 Executive Order 11375 expands President Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action policy of 1965 to cover discrimination based on gender. As a result, federal agencies and contractors must take active measures to ensure that women as well as minorities enjoy the same educational and employment opportunities as white males.
44. How Far Have Women Come? 1968 The EEOC rules that sex-segregated help wanted ads in newspapers are illegal. This ruling is upheld in 1973 by the Supreme Court, opening the way for women to apply for higher-paying jobs hitherto open only to men. 1970 In Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., a U.S. Court of Appeals rules that jobs held by men and women need to be "substantially equal" but not "identical" to fall under the protection of the Equal Pay Act. An employer cannot, for example, change the job titles of women workers in order to pay them less than men.
45. How Far Have Women Come? 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments bans sex discrimination in schools. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." As a result of Title IX, the enrollment of women in athletics programs and professional schools increases dramatically.
46. Women 1973 As a result of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court establishes a woman's right to safe and legal abortion, overriding the anti-abortion laws of many states. 1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment discrimination against pregnant women. Under the Act, a woman cannot be fired or denied a job or a promotion because she is or may become pregnant, nor can she be forced to take a pregnancy leave if she is willing and able to work.
47. Women’s Rights 1996 In United States v. Virginia, the Supreme Court rules that the all-male Virginia Military School has to admit women in order to continue to receive public funding. It holds that creating a separate, all-female school will not suffice. 1999 The Supreme Court rules in Kolstadv. American Dental Association that a woman can sue for punitive damages for sex discrimination if the anti-discrimination law was violated with malice or indifference to the law, even if that conduct was not especially severe. 2003 In Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, the Supreme Court rules that states can be sued in federal court for violations of the Family Leave Medical Act.
48. Women’s Rights 2009 President Obama signed the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which allows victims of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government against their employer within 180 days of their last paycheck. Previously, victims (most often women) were only allowed 180 days from the date of the first unfair paycheck. This Act is named after a former employee of Goodyear who alleged that she was paid 15–40% less than her male counterparts, which was later found to be accurate.
49. The 18th Amendment The conservatism and the fast times of the 1920's had to clash at some point. That point turned out to be alcohol. Many Americans saw alcohol as an evil, to others it was a part of life. The conflict over the use of alcohol, known as Prohibition, provided one of the more colorful periods in American history.
50. 18th In December 1917 Congress adopted and submitted to the states the Eighteenth Amendment, known as the Prohibition amendment, which prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors." Ratified by the states in January 1919, it went into effect on January 20, 1920.
51. Created a Commission Congress also passed the national Prohibition Enforcement Act, known as the Volstead Act, that defined an intoxicating beverage as any beverage containing more than one half of one percent (1 proof). The law also gave the Bureau of Internal Revenue enforcement authority.
52. Presidents of the 1920’s The 1920's were a time of great character and change yet Presidents Harding and Coolidge were conservative Presidents. The policies they set in place were popular at the time but as we shall see their lack of fore sight and unwillingness to stay involved internationally eventually led America into its most desperate hour... the Great Depression.
53. Warren Harding Harding was the compromise candidate in the 1920 election, when he promised the nation a return to "normalcy.” He was the first incumbent U.S. Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected president
54. What did Harding mean by a "return to normalcy?" 1. Simpler times - Harding was a conservative. He felt that the Progressive Era had complicated things. 2. A return to Laissez Faire. Harding felt that Progressive Legislation was Un-American and hurt our industrial capacity. 3. Isolation - Harding believed that the less we were involved in foreign affairs the better. While he did deviate from this on several occasions his foreign policies were always directed towards reducing the chances of being involved in another conflict.
55. What were American attitudes like during the Harding administration? 1. Intolerance 2. Red Scare, Sacco Vanzetti, Palmer Raids, Ku Klux Klan 3. Emergency Quota Act
56. How involved was America in foreign policy? 1. Washington Arms Conference (1922) - attempted limited disarmament 2. Passage of Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1920)-High protective tariffs. European exports to US fell from 5 billion to 2.5 billion in 1922. 3. Demand for reparations.
57. What scandals occurred during Harding's presidency? Teapot Dome Scandal - In 1921 Secretary of the Interior, a member of the Ohio Gang, was able to gain control of valuable oil fields in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hill, California. These oil fields had been set aside by the government for use by the navy. In 1922 Secretary Fall made a secret deal with two rich oilmen. He gave them a lease to pump oil out of the fields and sell it for themselves. Fall receive $325,000 in bonds and cash as well as a large herd of cattle. After over six years of testimony and implicating others in the Harding administration Fall receive a $100,000 fine and a year in prison.
58. Bribes Taken The Ohio Gang also had other scandals. Jesse Smith, assistant to Attorney General Harry M. Cramer was exposed. He was carrying bribes to and from the Attorney General's office. After he was banished from Washington he committed suicide. Charles Cramer, legal advisor to the Veterans Bureau was also exposed for taking bribes, he too committed suicide. Charles Forbes, head of the same bureau, was convicted of taking at least $250 million dollars in kickbacks and bribes. Colonel Thomas W. Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property was convicted of fraud.
59. Coolidge In August 1923, Harding suddenly collapsed and died in California on a return trip from Alaska. He was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge. His administration's many scandals have historically earned Harding a low ranking as president
60. Calvin Coolidge Policies of Calvin Coolidge - Coolidge took office when Harding died. He too was a simple man with simple policies. Coolidge rarely spoke and was dubbed "Silent Cal." After the tumult of the scandal ridden Harding Administration Silent Cal's quiet leadership, simple policies and conservative values were very popular.
61. Values of Coolidge 1. Great prosperity, simple policies. 2. Kellogg Briand Pact (1928)-15 nations agree to renounce war. Eventually 62 sign on. This pact was a peace agreement that vowed war would not be used to solve conflict.
62. Effects of Coolidge's and Harding's policies 1. Rich got richer and poor got poorer. 2. Wild speculation on stocks 3. Agricultural overproduction and farm foreclosures. 4. Continuing decrease international trade caused by a terrible depression in Europe and our protective tariffs.
63. Quiz What is espionage? What is sedition? What was restricted by the 18th amendment? What is the 19th Amendment? List 3 Changes in women’s rights? What did Harding mean by a return to normalcy?
64. Assignment There are several stories of how people survived during the Great Depression. What you need to do is find a story to present to the class. It can be a story about your family or a family friend. Write it down and turn it in when you present it to the class.
65. The 18th Amendment The passage of the 18th Amendment was the product of many years of hard work on the part on women's groups and religious fundamentalists. The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which regarded drinking as a sin, pressured Congress and the states t put the amendment across. Women's groups blamed alcohol for husbands leaving their wives and families and for the abuse of women. As far as both groups were concerned alcohol was an evil that destroyed the American family. By 1918 29 states already had adopted amendments to their state constitutions prohibiting alcohol.
66. Al Capone Enforcement of the Prohibition amendment was difficult because drinking was a custom ingrained in the fabric of social life. The saloon had grown out of the frontier and had matched the pace of industrialization and urbanization each step of the way. It was almost impossible to do away with drinking, especially in the cities. Before long law enforcement officials they were battling individuals abusers as well as a new problem; organized crime. Gangsters such as Al Capone, king of the Chicago underworld, saw illegal alcohol importing and transportation as a way of making a lot of money.
67. Al Capone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g59y65aEW_I
68. The Underground Networks Bootlegging became a thriving business and national law enforcement agencies were thrown into the full time business of keeping the nation dry. Illegal saloons known as speakeasies dotted the cities. Bootleg gangs engaged in a bloody war for control of the speakeasies, clubs and business outlets. The outlets might be at the corner drug store, a gas station, or a private individual. Then, came the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929. Gangsters armed with machine guns lined up their rivals and mowed them down.
69. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Y9lEEsXfGo
70. The Great Depression Causes: Overproduction Laissez Faire policies that left the economy unregulated Fraud Over speculation on the stock market Decline in foreign trade
71. When was the Crash? Oct. 29, 1929 The Great Depression did not begin in 1929 with the fall of the over inflated stock market. In fact the Depression began ten years earlier in Europe. As the depression raged on in Europe American's believed they would be immune to its effects. Isolationist sentiments and conservative doctrine held that the less we had to do with Europe the better. As a result American polices never addressed the possibility of the United States entering a depression as well. Actually American policies actually contributed to our entry into the depression.
72. Dustbowl The early warning signs first came in the agricultural sector. Farmers continued to produce more and more food due to technological advances like the tractor. As production grew farm prices dropped. It was simply a matter of supply and demand. Framers reacted in the traditional manner and boosted production even further. Prices plummeted. Farmers began to default on their loans and the banks foreclosed. To make matters worse the central part of the nation was hit with a terrible drought. Farmers were devastated. The drought turned that portion of America into what was called "The Dustbowl."
73. Rich get Richer In the 1920's American economic policy was laissez faire. Businesses were left alone and for sometime things appeared to fine. American businesses reported record profits, production was at an all time high. The problem was that while earnings rose and the rich got richer, the working class received a disproportionally lower percentage of the wealth. This uneven distribution of wealth got so bad that 5% of America earned 33% of the income. What this meant was that there was less and less real spending. Despite the fact that the working class had less money to spend businesses continued to increase production levels.
74. Trade Stops Purchasing dropped internationally as well. Since Europe was in a depression people there weren't buying as much as businesses had estimated. Then the FordneyMcCumber Tariff and the Hawley Smoot Tariff raised tariff levels to as much as 40%. Europe which was already angered at US foreign actions responded with high tariffs of their own. International trade was at a standstill.
75. Overproduction At this point you should be asking the question "If no one buying and companies were increasing production levels, wasn't there going to be a problem?” The problem is known as overproduction. American businesses were producing far more than could be consumed. The result was lost profits and eventually debts. After a while many companies went out of business
76. Overproduction . Why would these companies continue to overproduce? There are several reasons. Some were managed poorly. Others were part of holding companies that placed layers and layers of companies, each relying on the others production levels like a pyramid. If one company in the pyramid reported lower production levels the others fell off and it looked bad. In many cases however crooked company owners reported earnings that were higher than they were actually were in order to drive up the stock price.
77. Debts Owed As a result of World War I America had emerged as the worlds leading creditor nation. Foreign powers owed the United States and its companies about a billion dollars annually. With declining trade in America, a demand for reparation from the United States and the continuing European depression this debt went unpaid
78. Depression Arrives Then came Black Tuesday, October 29th 1929. The market plummeted. By July the Dow reached a low of 41.22. Millions upon millions of dollars had been lost. Many who had bought on margin (credit) had to pay back debts with money they didn't have. Some opened up the windows and jumped to their deaths. The depression had arrived.
79. Deflation Banks that had invested heavily in the stock market and real estate lost their depositors money. A panic ensued as people lined up at the banks to get their money. unfortunately for many the money just wasn't there. As the amount of money in circulation dropped deflation hit. Money was worth more but there was little money to be had. The fed which had the power to put more money into circulation did nothing (laissez faire). Workers were fired as thousands of businesses closed down. Unemployment rose to 25-35%. Between 1930 and 1932 over 9000 banks failed.
80. FDR As we have seen the Great Depression had a devastating impact on the American economy and the American people. President Hoover believed, basically, in waiting things out. As result of Hoovers inactivity America turned to a new, dynamic leader: Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
81. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Raised in upper class family in Hyde Park N.Y. 2. Attended Harvard and Colombia 3. Lawyer then active in NY politics 4. 1912 - Assistant Sec. Of Navy 5. 1918 Narrowly won Governorship of NY, 6. 1920 - VP Candidate with James A. Cox 7. 1921 - Contracted Polio, lost use of legs. This deeply effected Roosevelt. Now he truly knew what human suffering was all about. He could identify. He was also a fighter and a winner. He overcame his handicap and this later would inspire Americans during the depression.
82. FDR 8. 1930 Reelected Governor of New York State - His innovative programs gained national attention and were eventually called the Little New Deal - NY Model 9. Ran for Pres. In 1932 - Used song: "Happy Day's Are Here Again." Pledged to America; "I Pledge to you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people!"
83. FDR Inauguration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_Ovo1arA-o Told America "We have nothing to fear but fear itself!" He wanted to inspire optimism and hope. He did not want America paralyzed by fear. He was a man of action.
84. Brain Trust Appointed the "Brain Trust" - These were a group of brilliant social, economic and political thinkers who comprised Roosevelt's cabinet. He surrounded himself with the best, not just political allies and supporters.
85. Member of the Brain Trust -Harry Hopkins - Social Worker and the architect of much of the New Deal. -Henry Morgenthau -Louis Lowe -Cordell Hull -Frances Perkins - Sec. of Labor and first female in the cabinet. -Sam Rosenman -Raymond Moley -Rexford Tugwell
86. First Hundred Days For the first hundred days of his administration Roosevelt and his Brain Trust were a whirlwind of activity. Legislation was introduced and passed at a furious pace as Congress mostly acted as a rubber stamp. Roosevelt called Congress into session and asked for executive power to wage war against poverty and pessimism.
87. Bank Holiday At first he ordered a bank holiday, which closed every bank in the nation and stopped people from withdrawing all of their money. This ended the panic. He then signed legislation called the Emergency Banking Act. This closed all of the insolvent lending institution and only reopened the solvent ones. While many lost money at least the panic was eased.
88. Keynesian Economics Keynesian or "pump priming" economics. Based on the beliefs of economist John Maynard Keynes it held that money should be invested in the people, the working class. Then spending would increase with new money in circulation. As spending increased it was expected that businesses would expand to meet the new demand and hire new workers. This would spur on more spending and more growth.
89. VS. Trickle Down This plan was the opposite of the Republican plan ascribed to by Hoover and earlier leaders. They had believed in supply side or "trickle down" economics. In this philosophy money was to be invested at top, in business. Then businesses would expand, hire new workers and this in turn would spur on spending and further economic growth.
90. What did Roosevelt mean by relief, recovery and reform? 1. Relief - Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration. 2. Recovery - "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand. 3. Reform - Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters.
91. Relief Programs Bank Holiday Declared so that the panic would be stopped. Emergency Banking Act Closed the insolvent banks and only reopened the solvent ones. Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Gave immediate help to those that needed it in the form of cash payments.
92. Relief Programs 4. Civil Works Administration (CWA) Provided temporary jobs repairing roads and bridges. 5. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Temporary jobs to unmarried single adults filling sand bags and helping out at disaster type situations. Participants lived in barracks type housing.
93. Recovery Programs Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Taxed food processors and gave the money directly to farmers as a payment for not growing food. This decreased supply so price would go up. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Created the NRA (National Recovery Administration) a consortium of businesses organized by the government and given the power to set rules and regulations for the economy. Members of the NRA displayed a blue eagle.
94. Recovery Programs 3. Home Owners Loan Corp. Gave loans to home owners so they could pay their mortgages. This prevented people from going homeless and prevented banks from going under. 4. Works Progress Administration (WPA) Provided long term government jobs building schools and other public works projects. 5. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Agency created to build dams in the Tennessee river valley. These dams provided more stable irrigation and cheap hydroelectric power.
95. Reform Programs Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) Permanent Agency set up to monitor stock market activity and ensure that no fraud or insider trading was taking place. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Permanent Agency designed to insure depositors money in savings banks. Originally insured up to $5,000 per depositor today it has increased to $100,000.
96. Reform Programs 3. Social Security Administration Permanent agency designed to ensure that the older segment of society always would have enough money to survive. The key here is that they would then also be able to spend throughout their lives. 4. National Labor Relations Act and National Labor Relations Board (NLRA/NLRB) Otherwise known as the Wagner Act it helped unions and thus helped workers. This acted created the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) which enforced labor law and made sure that fair business practices where upheld. 5. Soil Conservation Act Laws mandating proper soil maintenance to make sure that another dust bowl was avoided.
97. New Deal Measures LABOR STANDARDS ACT -- provided minimum wage for workers. CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS -- provided work for jobless males between 18 & 25 in reforestation, road construction, prevention of forest erosion. Ended in 1941. AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT -- established principle of government price support for farmers and guaranteed farm purchasing power. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY ACT -- federal construction and ownership of power plants regional development of Tennessee Valley (7 State Area) FEDERAL SECURITIES ACT -- required full disclosure of information related to new stock issues. NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT SYSTEM ACT -- created US employment service. HOME OWNERS REFINANCING ACT -- use of government bonds to guarantee mortgages
98. New Deal Legislation BANKING ACT OF 1933 -- created Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., guaranteeing the safety of bank deposits. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT -- minimum wages and self regulation of industry --- ended in 1935. PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION -- appropriated funds to construct roads and other federal projects. SECURITY AND EXCHANGE ACT -- federal regulation of the operation of stock exchange. NATIONAL HOUSING ACT -- federal housing administration insured loans of private banks and trust companies for construction of homes. COMMUNICATIONS ACT -- federal housing administration insured loans of private banks and trust companies for construction of homes. HOME OWNERS LOAN ACT -- government financing of home mortgages.
99. New Deal NATIONAL HOUSING ACT -- construction of low cost public housing and slum clearance. SOIL CONSERVATION ACT -- established federal soil conservation services. RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION -- built new model communities for low income city workers RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION -- created and administered program of bringing electricity to rural areas. NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION -- federal work relief and employment for young people. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT -- encouraged collective bargaining and formation of unions to be supervised by the National Labor Relations Board. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT -- created Social Security System -- old age and survivors insurance; aid to dependent children etc.
100. DID IT WORK? As the concluding lesson on the New Deal it is necessary to step back and evaluate the impact of the New Deal. After all, the government spent billions of dollars on the New Deal; was it worth it? Did the New Deal achieve it's desired goals? Did it end the depression? These are the questions we must ask.
101. End But NOT Economists and historians still argue about just when the depression ended. Some can show charts and graphs to prove it was over by 1937, when substantial gains had been made. Business activity had been cut almost in half. Roosevelt, like Hoover and most other believed that balancing the budget was important. The policies of the first and second New Deals had resulted in enormous government deficits. While this was a price Roosevelt was willing to pay, as soon as signs of improvement appeared in 1937 Roosevelt reduced government spending and programs. As a result another depression (or a continuation of the first) struck in 1937 and 1938. Unemployment rose from 6 million to 10 million and the economy slumped again.
102. Ended by the War Pointing to the economic problems after 1937, some economists argue that the depression ended in 1940 when business activity again reached the level of early 1937. Still, after seven years of heavy government spending - 20 billion dollars worth - and the creation of an enormous federal bureaucracy that supervised the new programs, millions remained unemployed. Considering these facts, other economists feel that the depression did not really end until World War II. Only in 1942, with millions of Americans in uniform and many more in factories that produced war materials, did massive unemployment end.
103. Quiz List 3 causes of the Great Depression? What are Keynesian Economics? How does it work? What is trickle down economics? List 2 examples of each: Relief, Recovery, and Reform programs?
104. Government Involvement Whether FDR did too much or too little, he changed the ways in which Americans viewed their nation. The country had at last accepted the fact that the old theories of laissez faire no longer worked in a modern industrial society men, women and children might starve for lack of work, not unwillingness to work. In the decades since the New Deal American politicians continue to argue over how much or how little the government should regulate the economy and aid the needy but neither side argues that the federal government should do nothing. Americans have accepted the fact that their national government must play a positive and active role in protecting the equality of opportunity and freedom that they called the American Dream.
105. Paper Assignment Write a 2 Page paper referencing historical events and true sources that explain: The New Deal legislation created programs that were put in place to help people get out of the depression. Did those programs work? How did the legislation of these programs change the role of government in the US? What role do you think the government should play in the economy?
106. Answers in Europe As the depression swept through the United States it also laid waste to the continent of Europe. America wrapped itself in the cocoon of isolationism and took a rather dim view of the affairs of Europe. We were concerned about preserving our way of life but little did we know that the greatest threat to the American way of life lie in the continent we so casually regarded. As America embraced democracy and a modified capitalism many Europeans turned to fascism and aggression. It would only be a matter of time before America would be forced to respond.
107. Reactions What was the reaction of some European nations to the problems of the depression? Many turned to fascism: Germany - Adolf Hitler- Italy - Benito Mussolini- Russia - Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Josef Stalin- Spain - Francisco Franco- General Togo - Japan
108. What did they do to start the war? How did these dictators threaten world peace? 1. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. 2. Germany remilitarized Rhineland, annexed Austria , took Czechoslovakia and then invaded Poland. 3. Japan's attack on China and annexation of Manchuria
109. Attempted to stay neutral. Neutrality Acts of 1933-When the war began in Europe we began to support England, France and the Soviet Union. Neutrality Act of 1937 - "Cash and Carry" - supported England Lend Lease - aid to England, France and Soviet Union Destroyer - Naval Base deal with England. US was the "Arsenal of democracy."
110. Why the US Enters the War http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e6h9h7ky0E
111. WWII Teams When Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese. Allies - US, England, France, Soviet Union Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan
112. WWII After the long years of depression Germany finds leadership in Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. Hitler’s plan is to take over all of Europe. He professes hatred and a desire to exterminate all Jews. Millions die.
113. Summary of German Approach German Strategy Blitzkrieg - lightening war. Battle of Britain - saturation bombing of England. Attacked Soviet Union.
114. Japan’s Approach a) Sudden swift attack, wanted the US to refuse to fight. b) As the tide turned they turned to Kamikaze (divine wind) Suicide attacks on ships. Part of Bushido code
115. How did the US win the War Landings in North Africa. Landings in Italy: Operation Overlord - D-Day: Opening up of a second front in Normandy France. Soviet Union and US met in Berlin. VE Day Island Hopping in Japan Dropping of the Atomic Bomb August 6th – Hiroshima August 9th - Nagasaki
116. WWII Summary
117. Sacrifices by US domestically (At Home) Women served in various production capacities like WOW's (Women of War. Women volunteered for service: WAC's (Women's Army Corps), Waves, Spars. Citizens observed rationing. Students and others collected scraps. New technology - nylon as opposed to the silk used parachutes. Massive government and private investment to war industry
118. To what extent is it acceptable for the government to limit civil liberties in time of war? During WWII many Americans felt that the Japanese might attack the West Coast of the United States. As a result many Japanese were put in camps.
119. Japanese Camp While today we realize that that was unlikely, it was a reasonable fear. As a result of that fear the United States excluded all those of Japanese ancestry from living on the west coast over a hundred thousand people were included. Over seventy thousand were imprisoned in concentration camps.
120. How were Japanese Americans treated during World War II? 1. Considered a threat to national security. 2. Excluded from West Coast. 3. 120,000 placed in Camps - 70,000 were US citizens. 4. The government was not aware of any of the imprisoned actually being spy's.
121. Government Gets Sued Korematsu v United States 1. Court upheld law, ruled there was a legitimate danger to national security (clear and present danger). 2. 20 years later Japanese Americans win a partial compensation as Congress officially apologizes.
122. Post War Another conflict was taking place between the allies themselves. Not a war but a competition. America and England recognized that the Communist Soviet Union was going to be a major force in world politics and were very concerned about what type of power Josef Stalin might wield. At the same time Stalin was concerned about the power of the United States. The jockeying for position in the new world order was the war within the war.
123. War Goals 1. Prevent Soviet Dominance 2. Get Unconditional Surrender 3. Build democracies in Germany and Japan 4. Avoid Future World War
124. Wartime conferences 1. Atlantic Conference - 1940 - becomes basis of UN. 2. Cairo Conference - 11/43 3. Yalta Conference - 10/44 - Stalin agrees to have free and open elections in E, Europe 4. Potsdam Conference - 7/45 - Stalin makes it clear that he will never leave Eastern Europe or have democratic elections.
125. Atlantic Charter Before the war Roosevelt and Churchill met in secret on a ship in the Atlantic. Signed the Atlantic Charter stating the goals of the war: No territorial expansion no territorial changes without permission of inhabitants self determination. Cooperation to improve other nations. Disarming of aggressor nations. The Atlantic Charter was eventually signed by 15 countries including the Soviet Union and became the basis of the United Nations.
126. Cairo Conference Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek agreed that Korea would become independent. Taiwan would be returned to China from Japan.
127. Yalta Conference 1. Tried German and Japanese leaders as war criminals. 2. Agreed to set up the United Nations. 3. Stalin agrees to "free and unfettered" elections in Eastern Europe.
128. Potsdam Conference Stalin agrees to enter the war against Japan after the war in Europe is over. Stalin, Churchill and Truman meet to discuss post war plans. Stalin makes it clear that he will never leave Eastern Europe and that there will never be democratic elections in Eastern Europe. Truman tells Stalin we have developed a bomb of "enormous destructive power." Stalin hardly responds. Germany divided into 4 zones.
129. Post War Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VaAn1uxQIw
130. Cold War The beginnings of the Cold War are rooted in deep set ideological differences as well as a series of misunderstandings or actions taken (or not taken) during WWII. As it became increasingly clear that there would be a competition for power in the new world order both nations formulated foreign polices designed to limit the expansion of the other. In the case of the United States the policy was known as containment. Simply put it was the goal of the US to contain the spread of Communism.
131. Quiz 4 1 List the US Neutrality acts in order. 2. Who are the axis powers in WWII? 3. What happened in the supreme court case Korematsu v United States? Explain what happened for: 1. Atlantic Conference - 2. Cairo Conference 3. Yalta Conference - 4. Potsdam Conference -
132. Set the Stage Cold War=Diplomatic tension between nations with no actual combat. Usually refers to the state of tension between the US and Soviet Union from the late 1940's to late 1980's. 1. Communism versus Capitalism 2. Each economic system calls for the destruction of the other. 3. Old Russian and Soviet paranoia about being attacked.
133. Thins Stalin did to Start the cold war 1. Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Eastern Europe. 2. Violation in Potsdam of his agreement made in Yalta. 3. Stalin was a cruel and tyrannical dictator who was no better than Hitler.
134. Things the US did 1. Failure to open up a second front. 2. US ending of lend lease. 3. Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan.
135. US Policy After the war the US did everything it could to contain communism. The Truman Doctrine statement made by Truman during the Greek civil war, but it concluded that the US would help any country in any way (Money, or Military) in order to avoid them being taken advantage by communism. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pD_yaNR7kHM
136. Marshall Plan This plan was intended to help keep communism from spreading. This evolved into the European Recovery Program, ERP was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II. After the war they had hard times and we wanted to avoid communist solutions.
137. Actions of Truman Truman Doctrine - financial aid to nations in need. Ex - aid to Greece and Turkey, Marshall Plan Development of NATO - military alliance based on Collective Security Berlin Airlift after blockade of Berlin by Stalin Korean War - US helps South Korea after it is invaded by Communist North Korea. War ends in a tie. US afraid that if one nation fell, others would fall - domino theory
138. NATO NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION:
139. Berlin Airlift http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRKRjp2smsc
140. Eisenhower Eisenhower Doctrine - massive retaliation. Willingness to use nuclear weapons Scared the Soviets US explodes first H Bomb
141. Containment Wars Stalin acted quickly and decisively to attempt to limit US influence in Eastern Europe and balance the emerging power of the United States. As the Cold War pressed on the US tried to enforce its policy of containment. Sometimes it was successful, other times it was not. The policy of containment brought US troops to the far edges of the world.
142. Korean War Allies gained control of Korean peninsula when Japan surrendered in 1945 Korea temporarily divided in half -north = Soviet control; Communist -south = US control; non-Communist June 1950  north attacked south
143. Korean War Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yVq8odJAGs
144. What was the Vietnam War? 1. The US under Eisenhower and Kennedy slowly sent advisors beginning to S. Vietnam to aid them in their war against the North Vietnamese Communists. They were afraid of other nations falling to Communism - The Domino Effect! LBJ expanded the war until over 500,000 soldiers were in Vietnam. 2. There was never a declaration of war. 3. The jungle war in Vietnam was difficult to fight and the US withdrew in 1972 without having achieved strategic objective.
145. How did LBJ expand US involvement? President Johnson used an attack on a US ship in the Gulf of Tonkin as an excuse to send large amounts of troops. Congress then passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave President Johnson expanded powers to wage war. When it was proven that LBJ had lied, this power was withdrawn during the Nixon administration with the passage of the War Powers Act that only allows the President to commit troops for 90 days without Presidential approval. (NY Times v United States)
146. Vietnam War Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k
147. Kennedy Kennedy's response to Berlin Wall= Airlift Kennedy's response to Sputnik? NASA - space race In 1959 Fidel Castro, a Marxist, took control of Cuba. What did we do about it?
148. Cuban Missile Crisis The Bay of Pigs Invasion 1. US sends unsupported ex convicts to oust Castro. 2. The invasion is a disaster and we are thoroughly embarrassed. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1. U.S. and Soviet ships steamed towards each other for the first time. It was like a giant game of "chicken" called Brinksmanship 2. Both Kruschev and Kennedy appeared willing to go to war. 3. At the last minute Kruschev ordered his ships to turn around. 4. Kennedy is remembered for his strength and skill in the diplomatic game known as "brinkmanship
149. Kennedy VS Johnson The 1960's were a very turbulent period. America needed leaders who could react to enormous public pressure and meet the challenges of a nation moving towards a new modern era. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had to deal with civil rights issues, the cold war, the Vietnam and the social upheaval of the turbulent sixties. Kennedy has a wonderful reputation, but was he really the better President?
150. 60’s What types of issues did Kennedy and Johnson have to deal with in the sixties? 1. Cold War 2. Civil Rights protests, riots 3. Vietnam 4. Social upheaval - drug culture, rebellion, rock and roll.
151. Fall of Soviets How did things cool off in the 70's Kruschev - Peaceful Coexistence End of Cold War 1. After reforms were begun by Gorbachev, USSR started to collapse. 2. Summits held between Gorbachev and Reagan. 3. USSR allows satellite nations to break away in 1989 - Fall of Berlin Wall 4. Coup in USSR - Gorby out, Yeltsin in.
152. Why did the US win the Cold War? US military spending bankrupted USSR when they tried to keep up. The Soviet system was naturally flawed. (Ethnic minorities, command economy)
153. Wall Comes Down Perhaps to the young it seemed inevitable but on that day in 1989 when the Berlin Wall came down it seemed almost surreal. The giant monolith of the Soviet Union had been defeated.
154. Kennedy 1. Peace Corps 2. Space Program 3. Housing Act of 1961 4. Passage of the 24th amendment 5. Stewardship through the cold war (Berlin Airlift, Cuban Missile Crisis) 6. Great public persona and charisma, great control of the media - first lady, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy and he were "American royalty.” 7. Bay of Pigs 8. No real Civil Rights laws passed.
155. Johnson 1. Civil Rights Act of 1964 2. The War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) Job Corps VISTA - Volunteers in Service to America 90 out of 115 recommendations approved in 1965 Appalachian Redevelopment Act Project Head Start 3. 1965 Voting Rights Act 4. Vietnam
156. Richard M. Nixon (1969 - 1974) Foreign Policies 1. War Powers Act - Signed in 1973 over a Presidential Veto, this act mandated that the President notify Congress 48 hours sending troops into action. If troops are fighting abroad for more than 90 days then the President must ask Congressional permission. This was a reaction to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that had given President Johnson permission to use troops in Vietnam as he saw fit. 2. Real politic - policy of focusing on realities rather than ideals developed in the recognition that all nations pursue policies that are in their self interest.
157. Nixon 3. Detente, SALT 1, Grain deal with Soviet Union. Strategic arms limitations talks. Plans for disarming. 4. Normalizing relations with China. 5. Pulled out of Vietnam
158. Domestic Policies Of Nixon 1. Had to deal with stagflation, a situation where the economy slows and there is inflation which produced difficult economic times. 2. Oil prices jumped due to an Arab oil embargo in 1973. 3. Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 4. The Watergate Affair -Nixon underlings caught breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel. Nixon refused to turn over tapes of the incident citing executive privileged. The Supreme Court ruled that had to turn them over. President Nixon forced to resign. 
159. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pOl6MmoFPg
160. Gerald R. Ford (1974 – 1977) Foreign Policy 1. Continue Détente Domestic Policies. Tried to ease foreign relations. 2. Pardoned Nixon 2. Attempted to cut government spending. Vetoed dozens of spending bills
161. Jimmy Carter Foreign Policy 1. Placed an emphasis on Human Rights 2. Brokered the Camp David Accords bringing peace between Egypt and Israel. 3. Arranged to give back the Panama Canal 4. Hostages taken in Tehran. Iran by the Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic fundamentalist. Unable to secure their release.
162. Carter Domestic Policy Domestic Policy 1. Begins deregulation of many industries. 2. Set voluntary wage and price guidelines. 3. Failed to gain the support of Congress. 4. Developed the MX missile project and the B-2 Bomber
163. Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989) Foreign Policy 1. Hostages in Iran released 2. Held Summit meetings with Gorbachev. 3. Embroiled in controversy over giving aid to Nicaraguan rebel known as the "Contras." Money for this aid had come from secretly selling weapons to the Iranians. Col. Oliver North was in charge of the operation. When questioned by Congress Reagan claimed, "I do not recall.” 4. US troops sent to Lebanon to enforce a peace there. Hundreds killed by a suicide bomber. 5. US troops invade Grenada. 6. Begins the Strategic Defense Initiative aka "star wars" defense spending program.
164. Regan Domestics 1. Known as the "Great Communicator" he was a conservative who had much popular support. 2. Economic policy known as Reaganomics was a supply side spending program that called for tax cuts to the rich. 3. Cut spending on social programs. 4. Takes deficit spending to a new level. The national debt soars from 280 billion to about two trillion dollars. 5. Supervises payoff of consumers during the Savings and Loan Crisis. 6. Continued deregulation
165. George Herbert Walker Bush Foreign Policy 1. Invaded Panama to depose dictator and drug kingpin Manuel Noriega. 2. Conducted Operation Desert Storm to oppose Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. 3. Continued to aid and negotiate with new Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
166. Bush Domestic Policy 1. Conducted the "War on Drugs” 2. Began national educational reform. 3. Raised taxes and lowered medicare payments. 4. Continued bailout of S&L's 5. Nation in recession, high interest rates and heavy foreign debt.
167. Clinton Foreign Policy 1. Continued support of Boris Yeltsin. 2. Sends troops to Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia as peace keepers. 3. Attempts to negotiate peace between Bosnia and Serbia (Dayton Accords are signed) and between Israel and the PLO. 4. Signs the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) eliminating tariffs between the US, Mexico and Canada. 5. Signs agreement with Japan that opens up limited Japanese markets to US companies. 6. Leads strikes against Hussein in Iraq. 7. Leads NATO to attack the Serbians in Kosovo
168. The Civil Rights Movement A. What was the status of African Americans through the 1950's and 60's? 1. De jure Segregation - Plessey v Ferguson (separate but equal)-literacy tests, poll taxes, Jim Crow Laws. 2. De Facto segregation - discrimination, racism, etc.
169. How did Martin Luther King Jr. seek to bring about racial equality? 1. Non Violent Resistance 2. Direct Action - Boycotts, Sit Ins, Mass Meetings, Voting What were some examples of King's leadership? 1. 1955-56 - Boycott of Montgomery Alabama Bus System led by Rosa Parks 2. 1960-63 sit ins at lunch counters 3. 1963 - March on Washington - "I Have A Dream Speech."
170. How successful was the civil rights movement? 1. Brown vs. The Board of Education - overturned Plessey and ended Separate but equal segregation. 2. 24th Amendment - Outlawed Poll Taxes. 3. Civil Rights Act of 1964 4. Voting Rights Act
171. More Movements In the aftermath of the assassination of the civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., Congress in 1968 prohibited racial discrimination in federally financed housing, but later efforts to strengthen the law failed.
172. Affirmative Action An important constitutional issue that has caused public controversy is whether, and to what degree, public and private institutions may use "affirmative action" or "reverse discrimination" to help members of minority groups obtain better employment or schooling. In the 1978 Bakke case, the Supreme Court held that it was unconstitutional for the University of California Medical School at Davis to set an absolute quota for the admission of minority candidates, but the Court approved a Harvard University plan that took race into account for the setting of numerical goals that were not disguised quotas. The Court later ruled that racial preferences by a private corporation designed to remedy prior discrimination did not violate the Civil Rights Act, and it upheld a federal statute that requires a certain percentage of government contracts to be given to minority-owned businesses.
173. Other AA Cases In 1986, however, the Supreme Court supported the limited use of affirmative action to help minority groups compensate for past job discrimination; in 1987 the Court upheld the right of employers to extend preferential treatment to minorities and women in order to achieve a better balanced work force. In several close rulings in 1989, however, the Court's conservative majority moved toward reversing this direction by making it even more difficult for women and minorities to use the courts to remedy discrimination in hiring practices or on the job. In addition, President George Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which limited affirmative action.
174. Court Cases That Change Law http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_106_Notes.htm