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Chris Greacen April 2012

From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to leverage change using renewable energy. Monterey Institute of International Studies. Chris Greacen April 2012. Outline. Village scale renewable energy in Thailand and Burma

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Chris Greacen April 2012

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  1. From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to leverage change using renewable energy Monterey Institute of International Studies Chris Greacen April 2012
  2. Outline Village scale renewable energy in Thailand and Burma solar electricity for medical clinics in Karen-controlled Burma village micro-hydropower – Thailand Energy politics and policy Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program Thailand - Tanzania Bo Nok / HinKrud – stopping silly big power plants Institutional aikido We Care solar suitcase video (4 minutes)
  3. Palang Thaiพลังไท Thailand NGO Objective: To ensure that the transformations that occur in the region's energy sector: augment, rather than undermine, social and environmental justice and sustainability. Key approaches: We teach hands-on energy technology We draft / comment on policies We work to empower citizens to look critically at government and industry projects and plans We advocate structural reform พลัง (palang): n 1. Power. 2. Empowerment. ไท (thai): adj. 1. Independence. 2. Self-reliance
  4. Conflict area Little/no rural electrification Joint effort: TOPS (Taiwan), Palang Thai (Thailand), SunEnergy Power (USA) Green Empowerment (USA)

  5. Border Green Energy Team

    Solar electricity for 40 medical clinics for internally displaced inside Burma
  6. Up to 2 million internally displaced people in Burma
  7. Ruggedized solar electric systems built by medics in 3-5 day hands-on trainings 10 trainings (2003-2012) >100 medics trained >40 clinics

  8. replace

    LED lighting and 0.5-5W solar panels, coupled with microfinance energy loans, can end kerosene lighting Barefoot Power is a social enterprise delivering such solutions
  9. Community micro-hydro (12 villages)
  10. Micro-hydroelectricity Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
  11. Kre Khi village, Tak Province 1 kW for school, clinic, church Cost: <$3,500 (turbine $250) Head: 10 meters Flow: 15 lit/sec
  12. Mae Wei – ‘pump as turbine’ off-grid

  13. Video… Mae Wei

  14. Border Green Energy Team

    Refugee camp trainings
  15. So far: Solar PV Micro-hydro Hydraulic ram pump Solar cooking 7 hybrid solar/diesel systems Biogas
  16. Solar/diesel hybrid systems for computer training centers in 7 refugee camps

  17. Border Green Energy Team

    Maintenance & repair trainings for > 14,000 Thai solar home systems
  18. Thai government solar home program 203,000 solar home systems US$250 million No maintenance plan 23% failure rate within 20 months >80% failure rate by 2011 (7 years)
  19. “The Service & Support Department is like the guy in the parade who walks behind the elephant with a broom and a big bucket”
  20. Thai SHS in Tak province Rated 150 W, 50 Hz, 230 V Inverter / 10 A Charge controller Rated 120 peak Watt single crystalline PV module AC outlet for TV or other appliances Two 10 W tube fluorescent lights with electronic ballasts 12 V, 125 Ah deep cycle lead-acid battery
  21. warranty Existing linkages Tax payers $ Ministry of Interior $ PEA $ Installation company SHS End users
  22. warranty Missing linkages Tax payers $ Ministry of Interior $ PEA $ Installation company SHS End users Feedback on status of systems, failure modes, successful interventions Warranty awareness Self-help: local technicians + user training
  23. SHS Warranty card (written by BGET)
  24. BGET on TV Goals: TV-broadcast discussion of SHS sustainability, need for more local capacity Inform public of warranty
  25. BGET SHS trainings in Tak province
  26. Observed failure modes - inverter Failed inverter/charge controller (~10% of all systems surveyed).
  27. Observed failure modes - ballast Ballast failure ~9% of systems surveyed
  28. healthy, without sulfation sulfated plates Observed failure modes –battery battery failure in ~6% of systems surveyed
  29. Problems found during training/surveys Installation error: Battery failure caused by solar panel installation in shady location 14:00 Saw Kre Ka village, Tha Song Yang District
  30. Problems found during training surveys Installation error: Bad panel locations
  31. policy & planning level…
  32. Mae Kam Pong village microhydro Can’t we hook it up and sell power back?
  33. Meeting between National Energy Policy Offic (NEPO) and Mae Kam Pong villgers to discuss grid interconnection of their village micro-hydro
  34. $
  35. Technical regulations: Allowable voltage, frequency, THD variations Protective relays 1-line diagrams for all cases: Induction Synchronous Inverters Single/multiple Connecting at different voltage levels (LV or MV) Communication channels Commercial regulations: Definitions of renewable energy, and efficient cogeneration Contract parties Cost allocation Principle of standardized tariff determination Invoicing and payment arrangements Arbitration $ + Standardized Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
  36. Thailand’sElectricity Industry Structure Generation (% share)‏ EGAT (45%)‏ IPPs (42%)‏ Import (3%)‏ SPPs (10%)‏ EGAT (100%) Transmission PEA (66%)‏ MEA (32%)‏ Direct Customers (2%)‏ Distribution Users Users
  37. Thailand’sElectricity Industry Structure Generation (% share)‏ VSPPs EGAT (45%)‏ IPPs (42%)‏ Import (3%)‏ SPPs (10%)‏ EGAT (100%) Transmission PEA (66%)‏ MEA (32%)‏ Direct Customers (2%)‏ Distribution Users Users
  38. Thailand’sElectricity Industry Structure Firm / non-firm Peak / off-peak Generation (% share)‏ VSPPs EGAT (45%)‏ IPPs (42%)‏ Import (3%)‏ SPPs (10%)‏ EGAT (100%) Transmission PEA (66%)‏ MEA (32%)‏ Direct Customers (2%)‏ Distribution Users Users
  39. Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations 2002 VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet Up to 1 MW export, renewables only Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT)
  40. Micro hydropower 40 kW Mae Kam Pong, Chiang Mai, Thailand
  41. Biogas from Pig Farms Reduces air and water pollution Produces fertilizer Produces electricity 8 x 70 kW generator Ratchaburi
  42. Biogas from Pig Farms
  43. Uses waste water from cassava to make methane Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity 3 x 1 MW gas generators Korat Waste to Energy – biogas… an early Thai VSPP project
  44. Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations 2002 VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet Up to 1 MW export, renewables only Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT) 2006 Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration Feed-in tariff “adder” If > 1 MW then utility only pays for 98% of energy
  45. Rice husk-fired power plant 9.8 MW Roi Et, Thailand
  46. Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV Signed PPAs for 767 MW of PV (SPP + VSPP)
  47. Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations 2002 VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet Up to 1 MW export, renewables only Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT) 2006 Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration Feed-in tariff “adder” If > 1 MW then utility only pays for 98% of energy 2009 Tariff adder increase, more for projects that offset diesel http://www.eppo.go.th/power/vspp-eng/ for English version of regulations, and model PPA
  48. Lopburi 73 MW PV (over 1,000 rai = 160 hectares) Project size: 1 MW Uses self-manufactured a-Si Signed PPAs for 767 MW of PV (SPP + VSPP)
  49. Solar thermal electricity 5 MW, 135 MW planned 900 Million baht (180 baht/watt = US$6/watt) but costs expected to decrease 20 to 30% to 135 baht/watt Commissioned in Kanchanburi on Nov 2011 Signed PPAs for 1343 MW of solar thermal
  50. VSPP project pipeline as recorded in EPPO data Application under consideration Permission received, awaiting PPA PPA signed Generating & selling electricity Leakage (Project abandoned)
  51. Feb 2007 18 MW online Thailand VSPP Status
  52. June 2008 Thailand VSPP Status
  53. June 2009 Thailand VSPP Status
  54. Mar 2010 Thailand VSPP Status
  55. Sep 2011 1056 MW online (58-fold increase since 2007) PPAs signed for additional 4318 MW Thailand VSPP Status
  56. Solar trends in Thailand
  57. Evolution of Tanzania SPP regulations Approved by regulator August 2009 Up to 10 MW export, renewables & cogeneration SPP Tariffs at average of LRMC and SRMC Grid-connected SPP tariff (2011): $0.072/kWh In rural mini-grid areas offsetting diesel (2011): $0.243/kWh 4 SPPs in operation, 12+ in pipeline by November 2010 www.ewura.go.tz/sppselectricity.htmlfor English versions of regulations, and model PPAs
  58. South-south policy/technology transfer:Technical Visit of the Delegationfrom the United Republic of Tanzania to Thailand regarding Thailand’s Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program 13-20 March 2010
  59. Who have involved in PEA ? System Operation Div. First synch. test Research Div. PQ test System Operation Area Office 1-12 Identify circuit connection Control & Operation Communication Relay Div. Switchgear & Relay test DG office Technical & System Analysis Document Coordinator Meter Div. Meter installation Area Office 1-12 & Local Office Line connecting construction Meter reading Legal Div. PPA check Tariff Div. Billing Finance Dep. Settlement
  60. Leveraging change
  61. Principles Commit Be flexible and open to opportunities for equilibrium-shifting change Take time for reflection… stay real Document and release “Many hands make light work”
  62. For more information Chris Greacen Palang Thai chris@palangthai.org Skype: chrisgreacen www.palangthai.org
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