Campaigns and Elections Rules of the Game

1. Campaigns and Elections Rules of the Game

2. Elections: The Rules of the Game Constitution sets conditions/requirements but states determines most electoral rules. Regularly Scheduled Elections Occur on the 1st Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years Elections occur regardless of war or crisis There are exceptions for special elections/state provisions

3. Elections: The Rules of the Game Fixed, staggered, and Sometimes Limited Terms Electoral terms are fixed terms (length is specified not indefinite) House: 2 Years Senate: 6 Years President: 4 Years Staggered Terms: Not all offices are up for election at the same time Election Cycle: All House are running where only 1/3 of Senate are. Senators can run for Presidency while still holding their seat (Obama '08, McCain '08, Kerry '04) Most states prohibit running for two offices (Senate & President) in the same election but some states allow it (Connecticut)

4. Elections: The Rules of the Game Term Limits 22nd Amendment (1951): Limits presidents to two terms Lame Duck: Official who cannot or will not run again, less influential 1990s brought change towards term limits 15 states have limits on their legislatures Congress refuses to propose a constitutional amendment to place limits on their own terms. Should Virginia have term limits on state legislatures? Should there be limits on U.S. Congressional seats?

5. Elections: The Rules of the Game Winner-take-all System Candidate only needs the most votes; not the majority Centrist candidates tend to win more elections in this system.Why? Single-member districts choose only one official so combining that with a winner-take-all system really hard for 3rd Parties to win Proportional representation most accurately reveals how voters truly feel and gives voters who did not win the plurality some form of influence

6. Primaries and Caucuses Primaries Most decisive way to nominate presidential candidates 30 states have primaries Uses of Primaries ·Proportional representation (Dems) ·Winner take all (Only Reps) ·Non-preferential primary ·Open Primaries ·Dual Primary: Pres. candidate and delegates are voted on (New Hampshire) Caucuses Were used before primaries to nominate Caucuses are closed meetings where party members meet the candidates, ask questions, discuss qualifications, and vote on to endorse or not Most direct form of democracy Iowa still uses a caucus and 1st official indication of viability Only three Presidents since 1952 have lost the New Hampshire primary but went on to win the Presidency (Clinton, Bush Jr, and Obama)

7. Democrats and the Superdelegates A super-delegate is a leader in the National Democratic Party who has a vote at the national convention; they are not selected by state party members. How do superdelegates influence the power of party leaders? •Party leaders are now assured a role in the nomination process, regardless of which candidate they support. • Party leaders can cast the deciding vote in close nomination contests. • Superdelegates are unpledged and therefore can change their minds on candidates as the process unfolds.

8. Elections: The Rules of the Game Election Process Phase 1 Invisible Primary: period between a candidate's announcement he/she is running Begin to actively raise money (Start up cost: 100 Mil) *Much of a politicians time is spent fundraising Searches for major donors/obtain "front-runner" status Design a strategic campaign plan

9. Elections: The Rules of the Game Election Process Phase 2 Primary Season (10 Months before Election Day) Iowa Caucus/New Hampshire Primaries among the earliest (held in January) Many candidates would have dropped by this point leaving the most well known to compete in the 3rd phase

10. Elections: The Rules of the Game Election Process 3rd Phase Super Tuesday: Important regional primaries in February and March After Super Tuesday one candidate usually has the necessary delegates needed for the nomination *Except 2008 Period between the informal nomination and the National Convention Gives candidates time to unify their parties and continue to raise funds for the general election

11. Elections: The Rules of the Game Election Process Nominating Convention (4th Phase) Party out of power holds convention first Win support of the majority of delegates here and you win the nomination Functions of Convention Adopt party platform Keynote Speech Nominating speeches Acceptance of VP and Presidential nominations Leads to a temporary increase in positive ratings (Convention Bounce)

12. Elections: The Rules of the Game Election Process What to do in the General Campaign Maintain the Convention Bounce Continue to raise funds Visit key swing states Unify the electorate Win over undecided voters

13. Presidential Musts to Win Target the campaign: Decide what states to target, battleground states, must win, etc. Take advantage of political assets: If you're the incumbent president, use this to your advantage. Sometimes being an incumbent can hurt (Carter Iran Hostage, Obama Benghazi) Develop an image the voter responds to: Public responds to personality; Clinton portrayed himself as fighter against extremists; Obama appearing on many shows viewed by youth, women, and minorities; Put political spins on issues that may hurt you

14. Presidential Musts to Win Attract the support of diverse groups: Democrats tend to paint the Republicans as a party of rich and big business groups Use issues and events for their own advantage: Romney attacked Obama on the economy and foreign policy while Obama attacked Romney on his economic plan and business record Take advantage of the media: TV ads, political debates, 527 Independent Groups (exempt from the law as IRS 527 Regulations) *What grabs the attention of the news for candidates? Use the campaign organization/workers to get the vote out: Local level party members are responsible for this step; phone calls, door to door, posters, etc How many people, where it's at, sound bites, photo ops

15. Elections: The Rules of the Game Electoral College Indirect device used to elect the U.S. President and VP Framers did not trust the choice of POTUS to go to a direct vote Number of Electors is number of senators and representatives added up: Ex) Virginia: 2 Senators + 11 Representatives = 13 Electoral Votes Each state legislature determines who will be designated to be an elector Usually loyal party workers Supposed to cast their vote along with the state's popular vote "Faithless Elector" Elector who doesn't vote based with popularity of state but has never determined the outcome of an election

16. Elections: The Rules of the Game Electoral College Electors ballots sent to Congress where they meet in January to "formally" count the votes and determine a winner Majority of electoral votes to win (270) Candidates can win popular vote (2000) but not the electoral vote If no one reaches 270 then the newly elected Congress votes the 1st week of January (Jan. 3rd)

17. Elections: The Rules of the Game Electoral College House gets one vote for the top three presidential candidates (Winner needs 26 votes) States in the House get only one vote each so Congressmen have to agree. Senate votes for the top two vice presidential candidates (Winner needs 51/100 senate votes) Is possible to have a President from one party and VP from the other.

18. Breaking News: Election 2012 Results in Tie (Republican) House Votes (Democratic) Senate Votes Daniel Inouye Pro Tempore Boehner: Speaker

19. How the Electoral College Defines Campaigns ·Resource allocation or focus on competitive states, swing states, and large states where candidates spend their time or money or buy media. ·Issues (an issue may swing a bloc of voters in a state). ·Choice of Vice-President (regional balance).

20. Third Parties and the Electoral College Electoral College can hinder success of minor parties ·3rd parties may carry a lot of the popular vote but if they do not win the state they receive zero electoral votes ·Fundraising becomes an issue due to the electoral vote causing difficulty to raise funds and other campaign resources

21. Why has it not been changed? ·Helps to ensure that a majority of electoral votes are earned by one candidate. ·History/tradition. ·Would require constitutional amendment. ·No clear consensus on an alternative ·Collectively benefits small states ·Racial minorities (and interest group) in some states like the Electoral College because it protects their votes. ·Collectively benefits large states. ·Competitive states like it. ·Favors two-party system.

22. Elections: The Rules of the Game Federal Election Campaign Act Sets up restrictions on ·the amount of advertising ·created disclosure of contributions over $100 ·limited the amount of personal contributions of candidates and relatives ·Establish campaign equality ·Established the FEC (1974) Response to the Watergate Scandal FEC enforce federal law and is to match funds with presidential candidates in primaries and the general election (Candidate has to raise $5000 in 20 states to receive public funding, disclose donor information and limit campaign expenditures)

23. Elections: Regulations McGovern-Fraser Commission Commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation. Goal of Commission: Make the party more democratic Established new rules for the nominee/delegate process ·Incorporate more women and minorities as delegates ·Proportional representation ·Introduced superdelegates that could vote as they pleased at the convention The McCain-Feingold Act (2002) is the US federal law that regulates the financing of political campaigns also known as the BCRA Focused on: Soft money in campaign financing Issue ads Controversial campaign practices during the 1996 federal elections Increasing political contribution limits for private individuals What is the loophole we've discussed with this? 527 Organizations

24. Obstacles in Campaign Reform Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Supreme Court struck down certain campaign donation limits and spending limits as violation of free expression provisions of 1st Amendment How it's an obstacle ·Contributing to one’s own campaign, contributing to parties for party building, and spending money independently of a campaign are forms of protected free expression. ·A constitutional amendment is required to limit free expression, not a more easily enacted statute.

25. Obstacles in Campaign Reform Soft Money Unregulated donations to political parties for party activities/party building Usually spent in the states to aid candidates indirectly in various ways How it's an obstacle ·Both parties benefit from soft money, so partisan members of Congress and presidents have little incentive to regulate this resource; there is no critical policy-making mass for reform ·Interest groups are often the contributors of these funds, perceive benefits from their use, and have no incentive to urge office seekers or incumbents with whom they have a relationship to regulate these monies.

26. Obstacles in Campaign Reform Incumbency An office holder who is pursuing reelection How it's an obstacle ·Incumbents benefit most from existing campaign finance laws ·Incumbents have a high probability of re-election and thus attract more donations than challengers, which gives them a desirable advantage in re-election contests. ·Incumbents know the consequences of current policy, find them favorable, and realize that changes may create unanticipated negative consequences for themselves.

27. Are we more democratic today? ·States hold primaries for average voters ·Primaries give those voters some say in the nomination process ·Prior to the changes of the McGovern-Fraser Commission presidential candidates were nominated without approval of the electorate