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Fig. 15-CO, p. 406

Fig. 15-CO, p. 406. Fig. 15-1, p. 408. Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. Relative concentration. 4.5. 3.5. 2.5. 1.5. 0.5. 0. Time (billions of years ago). Animals arise. Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere. Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start.

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Fig. 15-CO, p. 406

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  1. Fig. 15-CO, p. 406

  2. Fig. 15-1, p. 408

  3. Carbon dioxide Oxygen Relative concentration 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0 Time (billions of years ago) Animals arise Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start First microscopic life begins consuming carbon dioxide Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level compensates for the faint, young sun Fig. 15-1, p. 408

  4. Fig. 15-2a, p. 409

  5. Fig. 15-2b, p. 409

  6. Fig. 15-2c, p. 409

  7. Table 15-1, p. 409

  8. Fig. 15-3, p. 410

  9. Fig. 15-3a, p. 410

  10. Water out Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Central cavity Flattened surface cells c Flagellum Microvilli Nucleus Water in d Collar cell b Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410

  11. Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Flattened surface cells Flagellum Microvilli Nucleus Water out Central cavity Water in Collar cell Stepped Art Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410

  12. Fig. 15-4, p. 411

  13. Fig. 15-5, p. 411

  14. Fig. 15-6a, p. 412

  15. Fig. 15-6b, p. 412

  16. Tentacles with stinging cells Epidermal tissue Mouth Digestive cavity Interior partition Symbiotic zooxanthellae Mesenteric filaments Layers of calcium carbonate forming a skeleton b Fig. 15-6b, p. 412

  17. Fig. 15-7, p. 413

  18. Box 15-1, p. 414

  19. Fig. 15-8, p. 415

  20. Fig. 15-9, p. 415

  21. Fig. 15-10, p. 416

  22. Clam Digestive tract Foot Snail Shell Squid Fig. 15-10, p. 416

  23. Fig. 15-11, p. 416

  24. Fig. 15-12, p. 416

  25. Fig. 15-13, p. 417

  26. Left gill Left mantle Shell Muscle Muscle Mouth Exhalant flow Inhalant flow Foot Palps String of mucus Sand and debris being rejected Inhalant Right mantle Fig. 15-13, p. 417

  27. Fig. 15-14, p. 417

  28. Fig. 15-15a, p. 418

  29. Fig. 15-15b, p. 418

  30. Fig. 15-16, p. 418

  31. Vertebrates (with endoskeletons) Size Arthropods (with exoskeletons) Age Fig. 15-16, p. 418

  32. Fig. 15-17a, p. 419

  33. Fig. 15-17b, p. 419

  34. Fig. 15-18a, p. 420

  35. Fig. 15-18b, p. 420

  36. Fig. 15-19, p. 421

  37. Sieve plate Ring canal Radial canal Stone canal Ampulla Tube feet Transverse canal Fig. 15-19, p. 421

  38. Fig. 15-20, p. 421

  39. Fig. 15-21a, p. 422

  40. Oral opening Atrial opening Pharynx with slits Fig. 15-21a, p. 422

  41. Fig. 15-21b, p. 422

  42. Fig. 15-22, p. 422

  43. Fig. 15-23, p. 423

  44. Lancelets (like Amphioxus) Jawless fishes Bony fishes Cartilaginous fishes Mammals Tunicates Amphibians Birds Reptiles Recent 135 375 500 Uro-chordates Cephalo- chordates Ancestral vertebrates Millions of years ago Ancestral chordates (probably filter feeders) Fig. 15-23, p. 423

  45. Fig. 15-24a, p. 424

  46. Fig. 15-24b, p. 424

  47. Fig. 15-25, p. 425

  48. Fig. 15-26, p. 426

  49. Fig. 15-27, p. 426

  50. Fig. 15-28, p. 426

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