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Poetry

Poetry. The 9 “S” Questions. S peaker. P oet – Voice of the poem who IS the poet P ersona – Voice of the poem who is NOT the poet. S peaker—Persona. Someone of the opposite sex 20 years older/younger Less educated/more educated Blind/deaf/mute

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Poetry

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  1. Poetry

  2. The 9 “S” Questions

  3. Speaker • Poet – Voice of the poem who IS the poet • Persona – Voice of the poem who is NOT the poet

  4. Speaker—Persona • Someone of the opposite sex • 20 years older/younger • Less educated/more educated • Blind/deaf/mute • Holds opposite religious, political, social opinions are the poet • An inanimate object • An Alien

  5. Speaker • For example, in Emily Dickinson’s poem “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass,” the speaker is a young boy. • In Sylvia Plath’s poem “Mirror”, the speaker is a mirror.

  6. Speaker • If there is a speaker, who is the audience? • For example, in John Donne’s poem “The Sun Rising,” the speaker is the male lover, and the audience is the female lover, and he is telling her he does not want to get out of bed. We are simply privy to the speech.

  7. The Author’s Message Person, Place, Thing (emotion), Idea Subject helps determine Genre (type of Poem) then Form (structure) Subject

  8. Subject—Poem Genre • Genre refers to the type of poem. • Many genres of music include: Rock, Pop, Country, Classical, Jazz, etc. • Many genres of fiction include: mystery, romance, comedy, young adult, Christian, fantasy, science fiction, etc. • Genres of poetry are as follows:

  9. Subject—Poem Genre

  10. A song is a lyric poem, usually meant to be sung; usually about love and/or adventure. The troubadours of the Renaissance, for example, sang “songs” that told of true events. Genre—Song

  11. A elegy is written for the dead, in memory; a poem of grief or mourning; a lyric lament. A eulogy is a speech given usually at a memorial service or funeral. Genre—Elegy

  12. An ode is written in honor; an extended lyric on one single theme or tone or subject; usually of considerable length and with recognizable stanza patterns. May be written to an emotion, a season, a place, a person, an animal, etc. Genre—Ode

  13. An epic is a narrated poem, usually about a hero who goes on an adventure, and usually is very, very long. The Odyssey by Homerfor example. Lord of the Rings in poem form. Genre—Epic

  14. Genre—Eclogue • An eclogue is an idyll or pastoral poem about rural life, usually in dialogue form. • Picture of a pasture with a farmer here.

  15. An epithalamion is a poem for a marriage or wedding celebration. This painting by Marc Chagall is painting for his own marriage to Bella. Genre—Epithalamion

  16. I am a man: Nothing human is alien to me. --Terence, CA. 185-159 B.C. “What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies.” --Meleager, First Century B.C. An epigram is a short, gnomic or pithy saying, cleverly turned and aphoristic. Genre—Epigram

  17. Genre—Epitaph • An epitaph is a short verse for placement on a tomb or monument. • Robert Frost and his wife’s tombstone on next slide • “I had a lover’s quarrel with the world.” • “Together, wing to wing and oar to oar.”

  18. “Go, my songs, seek your praise from the young and from the intolerant, Move along the lovers of perfection alone.” An envoi is a poet’s salutation or sending forth of one’s own poetry. Partial envoi written by Ezra Pound at left. Genre—Envoi

  19. An epistle is a letter in verse, a poem in the form of direct address to a particular person. “I have eaten the plums that you were probably saving for breakfast. They were so cold and delicious.”—WCW Genre—Epistle

  20. Sight, et al. • Imagery refers to the pictures drawn in the reader’s mind by the words of the poet. • 5 senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, sound. • Use all five senses to capture the exact moment, with specific details. • Was her hair yellow-blonde or was it canary? Butterscotch? Goldenrod? Flaxen? Oatmeal? Sunset? Daffodil?

  21. Diction • This could fit almost anywhere, but . . . . • Diction is word choice. • Slang is a choice in diction. • A poet’s word choice helps determine the tone of the poem, the age and education of the “persona”, and helps create the exact image the poet intended. • “The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lightning bug.” Mark Twain

  22. Tone refers to the feelings the speaker has about the subject. For example, “while I pondered weak and weary” from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe. Mood refers to the feelings the audience has. For example, “Richard Cory” by Edwin Arlington Robinson is about suicide, therefore very melancholy to read. Shade

  23. Structure • Number of Stanzas (A Paragraph in a Poem) • Lines per Stanza • Rhymed or Unrhymed • Syllables per line • Repeated ideas or images • In Robert Browning’s poem “Meeting at Night” the rhyme scheme imitates the subject—WAVES.

  24. Structure The grey sea and the long black land; A And the yellow half-moon large and low; B And the startled little waves that leap C In fiery ringlets from their sleep, C As I gain the cove with pushing prow, B And quench its speed i' the slushy sand.A

  25. Structure Stanza Units Monostiche 1-line stanza Couplet 2-line stanza (couple) Tercet 3-line stanza Quatrain 4-line stanza Cinquain 5-line stanza Sestet 6-line stanza Septet 7-line stanza Octave 8-line stanza Spenserian or nine-line stanza

  26. Structure can be initially determined simply by the way a poem looks on the page. Read the following W.H. Auden poem and determine how the structure imitates or helps dictates the tone. Structure

  27. Structure Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,Silence the pianos and with muffled drumBring out the coffin, let the mourners come.Let aeroplanes circle moaning overheadScribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.He was my North, my South, my East and West,My working week and my Sunday rest,My noon, my midnight, my talk my song;I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.The stars are not wanted now: put out every one,Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;For nothing now can ever come to any good.

  28. Structure—Stanzas & Lines Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,Silence the pianos and with muffled drumBring out the coffin, let the mourners come.Let aeroplanes circle moaning overheadScribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.He was my North, my South, my East and West,My working week and my Sunday rest,My noon, my midnight, my talk my song;I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.The stars are not wanted now: put out every one,Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;For nothing now can ever come to any good. 1 Structure of each of the 4 stanzas: has 4 lines Each—very Formal. 2 3 4

  29. Structure—Line Length Count the syllables—don’t seem to have a pattern. 10 12 11 10 11 11 12 12 10 9 9 12 12 10 11 12 Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,Silence the pianos and with muffled drumBring out the coffin, let the mourners come.Let aeroplanes circle moaning overheadScribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.He was my North, my South, my East and West,My working week and my Sunday rest,My noon, my midnight, my talk my song;I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.The stars are not wanted now: put out every one,Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;For nothing now can ever come to any good.

  30. Structure—Rhyme Scheme Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,Silence the pianos and with muffled drumBring out the coffin, let the mourners come.Let aeroplanes circle moaning overheadScribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.He was my North, my South, my East and West,My working week and my Sunday rest,My noon, my midnight, my talk my song;I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.The stars are not wanted now: put out every one,Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;For nothing now can ever come to any good. AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH

  31. Alliteration two words in the same line with the same starting consonant sound Peter Piper Picked a Pair of Pickled Peppers Dunkin Donuts Assonance two words in the same line having similar initial vowelsounds Ollie’s Automotive Advanced Audio Eddie’s Electricians Idgie’s Ignitions Sound Patterns

  32. Internal Rhyme Rhyming words in the same line of poetry The Rain in Spain Stays Mainly in the Plain Near Rhyme Two or more words having almost the same ending sound Push, Rush Sound Patterns

  33. Sound and Meter • Meter is the Greek word for “measure.” • There are three meters most commonly used by poets in the English language: • Accentual Meter • Syllabic Meter • Accentual-Syllabic Meter

  34. Sound and Meter • In Accentual Meter, stresses are counted and the syllables are variable. • Syllabic Meter, the syllables are counted but the stresses are not. • Accentual-Syllabic Meter, both accents and syllables are measured and counted. • Accentual-syllabic meter is dominant in English poetry.

  35. Sound and Meter / / / / Because I could not stop for death / / / It kindly stopped for me

  36. Sound and Meter

  37. Sound and Meter • In order to understand accentual-syllabic meter, let’s experiment. • Unstressed=tap on desk with pencil/pen. • Stress=stomp on floor. • Now, in unison, like a class of drummers, we will perform some of these patterns.

  38. Sound and Meter IAMBIC uS = unstressed/Stressed Tap on desk/stomp on floor (In unison)

  39. Sound and Meter 1. Now let’s try it without drumming. “I am”sounds a little like IAMBIC 2. We’ll use words: (pick one) Ideal Hurrah

  40. Sound and Meter Trochee Su = Stressed/unstressed Stomp/Tap (drum in unison)

  41. Sound and Meter Trochee sounds like “tro-key” Trojan Trolley Monkey

  42. A poetic foot is a measured unit of meter, made up of stressed and unstressed syllables. Pyrrhic uu Iambic uS Trochee Su Anapest uuS Dactyl Suu Spondee SS Amphibrachic uSu Bacchic uSS Choriambic SuuS Sound and Meter

  43. Sound and Meter Measuring “feet” (1 foot=1 unit of meter) Monometer 1 foot Dimeter 2 feet Trimeter 3 feet Tetrameter 4 feet Pentameter 5 feet Hexameter 6 feet Septameter 7 feet Octameter 8 feet

  44. Style

  45. I liked X because Y. For example . . . . X reminded me of Z because . . . . The poet gets their “X” message across through use of poetic elements such as . . . . I did not like X because of Y. For example . . . . X reminded me of Z because . . . . The poet loses me when . . . . The poem does not fit the structure because . . . . . Self-response

  46. To Review . . . .

  47. The 9 “S” Questions

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