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Neurorehabilitation in stroke 腦中風復健

Neurorehabilitation in stroke 腦中風復健. 蔡森蔚 醫師. 前言. 中風是由於腦血管阻塞或腦部出血造成腦組織的缺氧而導致壞死,中風後因腦組織壞死造成的後遺症可分為以下幾部分:認知及記憶力、空間方向感、肢體力量半邊無力、不正常張力、吞嚥功能障礙、大小便障礙等,復健專科醫師診視病人障礙程度後會依病患問題開立不同的治療處方,並與治療師共同組成團隊以進行中風後的復健。. Medical DX VS. Rehab DX. Medical diagnosis:

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Neurorehabilitation in stroke 腦中風復健

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  1. Neurorehabilitation in stroke腦中風復健 蔡森蔚 醫師

  2. 前言 • 中風是由於腦血管阻塞或腦部出血造成腦組織的缺氧而導致壞死,中風後因腦組織壞死造成的後遺症可分為以下幾部分:認知及記憶力、空間方向感、肢體力量半邊無力、不正常張力、吞嚥功能障礙、大小便障礙等,復健專科醫師診視病人障礙程度後會依病患問題開立不同的治療處方,並與治療師共同組成團隊以進行中風後的復健。

  3. Medical DX VS. Rehab DX • Medical diagnosis: • pathplogy (e.g. Infarction) ----neurological deficits (e.g. hemiplegia) • Rehabilitaiton diagnosis: • Impairment (e.g. hemiplegia) ----- disability (e.g. inablility to walk)

  4. 中風後需不需要復健 • 大部分病患在中風30天內都會有自然恢復現象 • successful rehabilitation depends on • how early rehabilitation begins • the extent of the brain injury • the survivor's attitude • the rehabilitation team's skill • the cooperation of family and friends

  5. 中風後運動功能障礙 • Weakness (paralysis, paresis, plegia) • Spastic hypertonia • Incoordination • Loss of fine motor control • Abnormal involuntary movement • Sallowing impairment • Spatial defect - neglect

  6. 中風治療 • 中風復健大家比較熟悉的部份包括物理治療、職能治療及語言治療。但每一種治療到底包含哪些部分則一般民眾並不清楚 • 物理治療主要著重於肢體運動困難,包括動作誘發、維持關節活動度、大動作運動功能重新訓練(例如肌耐力、行走、坐立、站立功能訓練等)、步態矯正、平衡訓練等; • 職能治療著重於日常生活及回復工作能力訓練,包括手部肌肉及精細動作訓練、認知功能訓練、副木支架製作、輔具穿戴訓練及居家無障礙設施的評估等 • 語言治療包括口語發聲訓練、吞嚥訓練、認知訓練等。 • 除了以上三種治療,完整的復建計畫尚包括中風後心理調適治療等。

  7. 中風復健治療介入時機 • 腦血管阻塞所導致的中風,病人的復健在中風後第一天就必須開始,而腦部出血所造成出血性中風必須等7-10天或病況穩定才開始進行復健。

  8. 中風復健初步分類 • 若病患恢復良好且無特別後遺症,復健則著重於病房指導居家復健運動治療與衛教 • 雖然病患明顯殘留後遺症例如半側偏癱、運動困難、認知及空間方向感障礙、不正常張力、吞嚥功能障礙、大小便障礙等,但有積極復健潛能者,則依病況安排積極復健治療,包括癱瘓肢體動作誘發、行走、坐立、站立等功能訓練、步態矯正、手部肌肉及精細動作訓練、平衡訓練、語言治療包括口語發聲訓練等。 • 有些病患若肢體完全無力或張力不正常,則視狀況幫病患製作副木支架防止關節攣縮。 • 對於嚴重障礙的病患,例如可能須長期臥床照顧者,則協助殘障鑑定與居家輔具評估以進行長期照護。

  9. NIHSS – initial assessment

  10. 運動功能的復原 • Early recovery: • Except TIA, good recovery within 24 hours • initial hours -no substantial neurological recovery • First month: most of the motor improvement • Up to 6 months: some motor improvement • Some patients: considerable recovery in laterphases Biller J. Stroke 1990; Bonita R. Stroke 1988; Duncan P. Stroke 1992

  11. 中風復健大致上可分為三個階段

  12. 急性期 • 中風發生一週內,治療重點在於維持血壓、心跳等生命徵象的穩定,初期會讓病患血壓維持在比較高的範圍,以幫助腦血液循環。因意識不清或吞嚥東能障礙,有些病人在此時期需要靠鼻胃管幫助灌食,以預防肺炎或嗆咳的發生。在此時期治療目標以床邊復健為主,治療師會施以被動性關節運動以維持關節活動度,並教導照護者正確擺位以免臥床導致褥瘡。在中風急性期,依國外對於319位在急性期即將轉入復健病房的中風病患研究統計指出,約有百分之七的病患需要插導尿管以幫助排尿,而另外297位病患中,有21%病患其膀胱中的餘尿超過150ml,這些病患存在泌尿道感染的危險。

  13. 急性期之復健項目: • 適當之床邊擺位 • 協助翻身及移位 • 床邊運動治療 • 夾板預防關節變形 • 預防嗆到 • 協助排痰及增加心肺功能

  14. Dysphagia • CAV is the most common medical condition associated with dysphagia • 30% of people who experienced a CVA have significant dysphagia • Dysphagia team – decrease length of stay

  15. 亞急性期 • 若病患恢復良好且無行走困難,一般在急性期後並不需特別復健。若病患能明顯殘留如半側偏癱、失語症等後遺症,則需要持續復健治療。對於有積極復健潛力的病患,復健醫師將安排這些病患轉入復健病房接受每天2-3次更積極的復健。患者生命徵象在此時逐漸穩定,因此復健醫師會依病況調整藥物,復健治療目標則在於促進腦神經重新整合、日常生活功能訓練、增加患者自我照顧能力。在此時期為病患功能恢復最多且運動訓練成效也較明顯的時期,大多數病患必須把握這1-3個月的黃金期接受復健。

  16. 恢復期之復健項目: • 傾斜床訓練 • 墊上運動訓練 • 平衡、移位、床外活動訓練 • 步行訓練 • 輪椅輔助用具之使用 • 手功能訓練 • 日常生活訓練

  17. 亞急性 • 在這三個月的住院復健中,第一個月的訓練著重在移位、上廁所、增加患者自我照顧能力及教導照顧者如何幫助患者執行日常生活並預防跌倒; • 第二個月的復健訓練目標在於讓患者開始站立,並在輔具幫助下行走; • 第三個月的復健訓練目標則在於使患者能獨立行走,並降依賴他人照護的需求降至最低。 • 三個月後病況更趨穩定,絕大部分患者不需住院照護,此時復健醫師會建議病患接受門診復健治療。在此時期病患仍會持續進步,對於少數病況不穩定的病患,例如接受氣管插管或反覆性肺炎或泌尿道感染等,則可能必須住院照護。

  18. Impairment evaluation • 1. Higher mental function • recognition and interpretation of sensory info with intact sensory input system • 2. Communication disorders • Aphasia – language disorder • Dysphasia and dysarthria – speech disorder

  19. Impairment evaluation • 3. Cranial nerves • 4. Motor Impairment • Medical Research Council 0-5 system used in early stroke • Brunnstrom stage correlate with functional recovery • Bohannon – objective dynamometer correlates with performance in functional tasks • Fugl-Meyer: movement and disability • Tone – Modified Ashworth Scale

  20. Impairment evaluation • 5. Sensory impairment • Frequently with motor impairment distribution • Thalamic leison • Parietal lobe perceptual deficits • 6. Balance coordination and posture • Secondary to deficits in motor and sensory function, cerebellar lesion, vestibular dysfunction; ataxia

  21. Natural History Of Recovery of Gait • Walking is the outcome most desired by stroke survivors • The Copenhagen Stroke Study • Gait impaired in 63% • Initially • 51% -no walking function • 37% -independent walking • After rehab • 22% -still no walking function • 66% -independent walking Jorgensen H. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995; Francisco, 2006

  22. Natural History Of Recovery of Gait • Walking Function95% of patients reached their best level of walking function within 11 weeks from stroke onset (Jorgensen H. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995) • How many more of these patients have the potential for further recovery if recovery is enhanced or if complications are treated ?

  23. body-weight supported treadmill training in post-stroke rehabilitation • Unloads up to about 30-40% of body weight • 􀁹Start at 0.25 m/s • 􀁹Need help of 1-2 therapists initially • 􀁹Benefits • Improves balance • Improves symmetry • Decreases plantarflexor spasticity • More regular muscle activation pattern

  24. electrical stimulation in facilitating post-stroke gait • Delivery of electrical stimulation to an intact lower motor neuron to activate paralyzed or paretic muscles and directly accomplish a functional task • 􀁹Therapeutic effect achieved through: • Active repetitive-movement training • Motor re-learning • 􀁹Types • Transcutaneous (surface) • Implanted (percutaneous, epimysial, epineural, intraneural)

  25. 慢性期 • 大約中風3-6個月後,大多數病人病況穩定,病患的障礙情況也大致固定,因此大多以門診方式接受復健,復健進步不理想的病患則居家或於安養機構進行照護。治療目標則在於維持功能避免併發症。 • 有些中風患者患側會有痙攣高張力現象,復健醫師將在此時依病況進行肉毒桿菌素注射,協助患者降低張力,配合門診復健已獲得更好的功能進步。

  26. electrical stimulation • Stimulates over a nerve or a motor point • Manipulate pulse width, amplitude and frequency of current to achieve desired muscle contraction • Superior to ankle-foot orthosis? • Challenges • Pain • Tissue injury • Skin Impedance • Inconsistent placement of electrodes

  27. botulinum toxin enhancing motor recovery by treating the common complication, spasticity

  28. TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS Focus on Spasticity • Definition • A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome

  29. 每次注射劑量:units 一年注射次數:次 一年總劑量:units Spasticity 健保給付 • )限20歲以上,中風發生後,經復健、輔具或藥物治療至少6個月以上仍有手臂痙攣,影響其日常活動(如飲食、衛生、穿衣等)者,痙攣程度符合Modified Ashworth Scale評估2或3級,且關節活動度(R1/R2)顯示顯著痙攣,並排除臥床、手臂攣縮或關節固定不可逆攣縮者

  30. Ocupational therapy • Hand functional traing • hand function: shoulder stablization- elbow reaching- hand grasp and release- pinch - opposition- finger prehension

  31. ITB TherapyEvidence of Efficacy • At the impairment level, ITB Therapy is effective in:Decreasing spastic hypertonia • Reducing spasms and clonus

  32. 語言障礙 • 大多數中風病患所殘留的後遺症都為肢體障礙,有少數中風患者則合併有語言障礙,在三個月後若仍無改善,復健醫師則會依病況給予 bromocriptine 或  levodopa 等藥物治療,但這些藥物並非對於每位患者都有效,必須依病況調整。

  33. 言治療:Speech Therapy (ST) • Oral motor function: • Impairment of swallowing • Drolling • Impairment of tongue movement • Dysarthria

  34. Speech therapy • Vebral command: simple, complex • Naming • Repitition • Communication plate • Reading and singing

  35. Neglect • 更少數病患則殘留空間方向感障礙,例如左側忽略(left spatial neglect)。這種病症會使中風病患忽略掉他們左側的空間,例如頭一直轉到右側、吃飯只吃右邊食物,甚至畫圖只劃出病患看到的右側空間(如圖)

  36. NeglectNeuropsychological Rehab • Monopatching • Patching in the right-half field • Prism goggle (right shift) with the effect of post adaptation (PA) (Rossetti et al. 1998)

  37. Robotic Devices

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