Illegal Drugs

1. Illegal Drugs Drug Use: A High-Risk Behavior Chapter 26 – Lesson 1

2. Substance Abuse • When medicines are used in ways other than intended, a problem called medicinemisuse exists. • Medicine misuse results from carelessness, although at times medicines are misused intentionally. • People will take them deliberately to achieve a “HIGH”

3. Substance Abuse • In such cases, the user is guilty not only of misuse but abuse. • SUBSTANCE ABUSE:Is any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes. • Substance abuse includes overuse or multiple use of a drug, including alcohol taken in combination with other drugs.

4. Substance Abuse • Not all substances that are abused are medicines. • Many are drugs, chemical substances that serve no medical purpose and are simply used for recreational or other unhealthful purposes. • ILLEGAL DRUGS:or street drugs, these substances are against the law for people of any age to manufacture, possess, buy, or sell. • Their potential for harm is great.

5. Substance Abuse • Some drugs occur naturally, taking the form of extracts from plants, animals, or minerals. • Others, called SYNTHETIC DRUGS:are chemical substances produced artificially in a laboratory. • Regardless of their source or how they are taken, the effects of these drugs are deadly.

6. Substance Abuse • People who use illegal drugs are guilty of a crime called ILLICIT DRUG USE:This is the use or sale of any substances that are illegal or otherwise not permitted. • Illicit drug use includes the selling of prescription medicines on the street. • Even some drugs that are legal for adults, such as alcohol, are illegal for teens and can cause major health, safety, and social problems.

7. Substance Abuse • For teens, alcohol and nicotine are also considered GATEWAY DRUGS:drugs that often lead to other serious and dangerous drug use. • National Study Shows "Gateway" Drugs Lead to Cocaine Use

8. Trends in Teen Drug Use • Teens in the U.S. are now using drugs at younger ages than ever before. • Drug use among 12 to 17-year olds more than doubled between 1992 and 1996. • In 1996, about 9% of teens in the U.S. used drugs. • More teens are trying heroin than ever before. • In 1991, only 6% of eighth graders had tried marijuana, but by 1996, that number has risen to 18%. • More teens than ever mistakenly consider marijuana to be a safe drug.

9. Why People Begin Using Drugs • They are curious about the effects • The drugs are easily available • They see their friends, parents, or older siblings using them • They enjoy the short-term effects • They see drugs glamorized on TV, in videos, in the movies, or in song lyrics • As part of growing up, they might want to 'break the rules' • They are trying to escape from their problems

10. Dangers of Substance Abuse • Like medicines, some drugs have serious side effects, which can range from minor to deadly. • When taken in conjunction with one or more medicines or other drugs, including alcohol, they can also result in a synergistic effect, that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken independently.

11. Dangers of Substance Abuse • Illegal drugs may prove especially dangerous because, unlike medicines, there are no controls or means of monitoring these substances for quality, purity, or strength.

12. Dangers of Substance Abuse • Anyone who abuses drugs is also at risk for overdosing. • An OVERDOSE: is a strong or even fatal reaction to taking a large amount of a drug.

13. Dangers of Substance Abuse • Shannon Hoon, rock singer for Blind Melon, overdosed 1995 1 June1926 - 5 August1962Los Angeles, California, USA. (drug overdose) • River Phoenix, actor, overdosed 1993 • Jim Morrison, rock musician, overdosed 1971 • Pamela Morrison, self-described ornament, overdosed 1974 • Janice Joplin, rock singer, overdosed 1970 • John Belushi, comedian, overdosed 1982

14. Dangers of Substance Abuse Vernon Creamer Jr January 29, 1972 -- January 23, 1998Drug Overdose

15. Dangers of Substance Abuse • When drug use involves injecting substances through a needle, there may be added risks of contracting diseases such as: • HEPATITIS B • HIV / AIDS • STD’s

16. Dangers of Substance Abuse • Substance abuse is like riding a “down” escalator. • Taking that first step onto the moving stairway may seem harmless, but the consequences are enormous. • These include the following:

17. Dangers of Substance Abuse • TOLERANCE. The body of the substance abuser begins to develop tolerance to the drug, needing more and more of it to get the same effects, and eventually needing it just to function

18. Dangers of Substance Abuse • PHYSIOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE. The body develops a chemical need for the drug. A person who has developed tolerance and experiences severe effects when the drug is taken away is said to be physiologically dependent on that drug.

19. Dangers of Substance Abuse • WITHDRAWAL. Withdrawal occurs when a person stops using a drug which he or she is physiologically dependent. The symptoms of this process can include nervousness, insomnia, severe nausea, headaches, vomiting, chills, cramps, and in some cases even death.

20. Dangers of Substance Abuse • PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE. With psychological dependence, a person believes a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally. He or she has a continual desire to take the drug for its effect.

21. Dangers of Substance Abuse • ADDICTION. Addiction involves physiological and psychological dependence on a drug.

22. Cost of Substance Abuse • In a Teen’s Life: • School • Sports • Relationships • Family life • Emotional health • Social health • Physical health

23. Cost to Others • $67 BILLION • IN HEALTH, • SOCIAL, • and CRIMINAL COST EVERY YEAR

24. Drugs and Pregnancy • Harm to the developing Fetus • Babies go through withdrawal for days after birth • To babies who drink breast milk

25. Illegal Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Chapter 26 – Lesson 2

26. Types of Psychoactive Drugs • There are four main groups of psychoactive drugs: • STIMULANTS • DEPRESSANTS • NARCOTICS • HALLUCINOGENS • The first three groups have medicinal value when properly used. • The fourth group, HALLUCINOGENS, have no medical use.

27. Types of Psychoactive Drugs • Stimulants: Drugs that speed up the central nervous system. • Some give feelings of alertness, greater energy and confidence. • They may also reduce appetite, leading to hunger when the drug's effects have worn off and tiredness or exhaustion if there has been a long period of activity.

28. STIMULANTS • Cocaine • Crack • Ecstasy • Alkyl Nitrites • Amphetamines • Nicotine

29. Other names: Coke, charlie, snow, C, crack (smokeable form of cocaine) Appearance/use: White powder that is snorted or injected Short term effects Effects peak after 15-40 minutes, then diminish quickly Sense of well-being, alertness, confidence, indifference to pain Dry mouth, sweating, loss of appetite, racing pulse Low doses may heighten sexual pleasure, higher doses inhibit male erection Continual users often left craving more Long term effects Long term users can become dependent on the way cocaine makes them feel, and experience withdrawal symptoms Can cause heart problems and chest pain Heavy use can cause convulsions Often leaves users feeling tired and depressed Snorting may permanently damage the inside of the nose Constant, frequent use can leave users restless, confused, paranoid and sleepless · unsterile injection and shared needles risks spreading infections, such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C STIMULANT - Cocaine

30. Other names: Rock, wash, base freebase, gravel, stones, Charlie washed-up Appearance/use: Small crystals the size of a raisin. Usually smoked, (placed in a small pipe, tube or plastic bottle, heated and the vapour inhaled) Short term effects Powerful feelings of well-being and euphoria, indifference to pain, feelings of grandeur and strength, fading typically within 15 minutes Dry mouth, sweating, increased heart-rate Low doses may heighten sexual pleasure while higher doses may diminish desire Large repeated doses can lead to panic, even paranoia, though such symptoms usually disappear as the drug wears off Fatal overdose is possible, though rare What constitutes a lethal dose appears to vary from person to person Long term effects Chronic cough Wheezy breathing Partial loss of voice · long term Frequent use replaces euphoria with restlessness Insomnia and weight loss A series of other problems may accompany lengthy patterns of heavy use, including financial pressures, fractured relationships, and physical symptoms such as loss of sexual desire, heart problems, digestive disorders STIMULANT - Crack

31. Other names: E, burgers, mitsi's (mitsubishi's), dolphins, rolexes; chemical name: MDMA Short term effects Effects typically begin within an hour and last from 3-6 hours Users feel alert and in tune with their surroundings Sound, colour and emotions seem much more intense Dry mouth and throat and sweating often accompany tightened jaw and dilated pupils Users often want to dance for hours and there is a risk of overheating and dehydration if users dance energetically without taking breaks or drinking enough fluids Orgasm and male erection may be inhibited More risky for those with heart disease, high blood pressure, glaucoma, epilepsy or in poor condition (mentally or physically) After effects may include anxiety, depression, paranoia, tiredness and dizziness Appearance/use: Tablets of different shapes, size and colour (often white) which are swallowed; capsules now less common. Long term effects Many long term effects are uncertain and are still being researched Tolerance develops among regular users Menstruation may be heavier, irregular or absent during long-term use Can leave users feeling tired and depressed for days Increased susceptibility to colds, flu possible Nerve damage from ecstasy use may affect memory and possibly increase chances of depression STIMULANT - Ecstasy

32. Other names: Poppers, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite.product names include: Ram, Thrust, Rock Hard, Kix, TNT, Liquid Gold, Locker Room. Short term effects Brief, intense 'head-rush', sometimes causing light-headedness and a feeling that time has slowed Flushed face and neck Relaxes anal muscles Pounding headache Feeling faint and sick Effects fade after 2-5 minutes Possibility of losing consciousness If spilled, can burn the skin Has been fatal when swallowed Dangerous for people with anaemia, glaucoma, low blood pressure or breathing problems. Appearance/use: Pharmaceutical source: straw-coloured liquid in a glass phial, with a breakable glass top for quick access. Vapours sniffed to counter the effects of cyanide poisoning. Non-medical source: clear or straw-coloured liquid in a small screw-top bottle, often with brown glass. Vapour inhaled from bottle or material, (sleeve, handkerchief, etc). Long term effects: Tolerance develops with continual use over 2-3 weeks Regular use can cause skin problems around the mouth and nose No evidence of dependence or longer-term damage Legal status Prescription only Possession is not illegal, but unlicensed supply technically an offence against the Medicines Act, though seldom enforced Class A drugs and the law STIMULANT – Alkyl Nitrates

33. Other names: Speed, whizz, uppers, amph, billy, sulphate Appearance/use: Grey or white powder or tablets.Snorted, swallowed, smoked, injected (when dissolved). Short term effects Excitement - the mind races and users feel confident and energetic Effects may last 3-4 hours Suppressed appetite and sleeplessness Some users become tense, anxious, talkative, aggressive Leaves users feeling hungry and tired for one or two days or longer Higher doses repeated over a few days can cause panic, paranoia and hallucinations as well as leaving the user exhausted and depressed Overdoses have been known to be fatal, usually among injectors. STIMULANT – Amphetamines Long term effects • Tolerance develops rapidly, and psychological dependence possible • Long-term use can lead to paranoid feelings, confusion, delusions and uncontrolled (sometimes violent) behaviour. Symptoms generally clear up after a few days • Long-term use puts a strain on the heart • Unsterile injection and shared needles risks spreading infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C. Legal status • Prescription only • Possession is not illegal, but unlicensed supply technically an offence against the Medicines Act, though seldom enforced • Class B (but Class A if prepared for injection) drugs and the law

34. STIMULANT – Nicotine • One downside of nicotine is that it appears to create a dependency or addiction. Research shows that nicotine activates neurochemical addiction responses that are similar to other drugs of abuse. Nerve cells release the brain chemical dopamine, which is associated with pleasure, in the brain area known as the nucleus accumbens. Researchers hope that new therapies that target only certain nicotine receptor subtypes will bypass this undesirable effect of nicotine.

35. Types of Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants: or sedatives, are drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system. • Drugs that act on the central nervous system and slow down brain activity. • Impaired co-ordination, balance and judgement are common. • Higher doses can lead progressively to drowsiness, vomiting, coma and even death.

36. DEPRESSANTS • Volatile substances or sniffable substances (e.g glues, gases, aerosols) • Alcohol • Tranquilizers • GHB (Gamma hydroxy-butyrate)

37. Other names: Products such as lighter gas refills, aerosols containing products such as hairspray, deodorants and air fresheners, tins or tubes of glue, some paints, thinners and correcting fluids Short term effects: Substances vary widely as do their effects Users feel, euphoric dizzy, giggly and dreamy Sometimes similar to being drunk Some users report hallucinations Perceptual distortions may be fun or frightening, even compelling Effects don't last very long, but users can remain intoxicated all day by repeating the dose Nausea, vomiting may accompany heavy doses Squirting a pressurised substance (such as gas) into the mouth and throat causes sudden temperature drop which can swell the tissues, blocking them and causing death by asphyxia If the substance is inhaled from a plastic bag covering nose and mouth there is high risk of suffocation Accidents can happen when the user is intoxicated, and balance, co-ordination and judgement are impaired Strenuous activity following sniffing can cause fatal strain on the heart. Appearance/use:Vapour sniffed or breathed into the lungs from container, cloth, sleeve or bag. Gas products are sometimes squirted directly into the mouth and throat Long term effects Immediate dangers of death are real - long term health risks are much harder to assess Wide range of symptoms from confusion and headache to recurrent nose-bleeds and weight loss have been reported Sniffing may damage the brain, though studies are inconclusive Chronic use of toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane have been associated with permanent damage to kidney, liver and heart. DEPRESSANTS – Volatile substances or Sniffable Substances

38. DEPRESSANTS - Alcohol

39. Other names: Tranx' product names include: Valium, Ativan, Mogadon ('moggies'), Librium, Rohypnol, Normison chemical names include: diazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flunitrazepam, temazepam ('mazzies') Short term effects: Relieve tension and anxiety - (their principal medical use) Calms users and slows them down mentally - tiredness and drowsiness are often considered 'side effects' Extremely dangerous in combination with alcohol High doses can make users forgetful Occasional unwanted effects (crying, hostility) Some tranquillisers cause a temporary loss of short-term memory. Appearance/use: Medical products that are taken by some without medical authority - e.g. when heroin is in short supply, or to increase the effects of heroin.Also used to make the 'come down' from stimulants, and heroin withdrawal, less unpleasant.Tablets that are swallowed - illicit users often inject them Some are prescribed as sleeping pills. Long term effects: Some tranquillisers are addictive - this can be very quick Withdrawal symptoms similar to barbiturates or alcohol Users trying to quit may suffer panic attacks Unsterile injection and shared needles risks spreading infections, such as HIV and hepatitis b and c DEPRESSANTS - Tranquilizers

40. Other names:GBH, Liquid E, Liquid 'X' Appearance/useA synthetic, depressant drug used medically as an anaesthetic. It is a colourless, odourless liquid with a slightly salty taste. Usually sold in bottles for up to £15 but can come as tablets Short term effects: Small doses (possibly one capful) feel like having a few drinks of alcohol, slowing down the body's actions Larger doses lead to sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, muscle stiffness and confusion A few cases of death have been associated with consuming large amounts, or with alcohol. Long term effects: Little known Possible that tolerance, physical dependence and psychological dependence could result. Legal status: Not controlled under Misuse of Drugs Act. Possession not illegal, but unauthorised manufacture or supply contravenes the Medicines Act. drugs and the law DEPRESSANTS – GHB (Gamma hydroxy-butyrate)

41. Types of Psychoactive Drugs • Narcotics: are drugs derived from the opium plant that have a sedative effect. • Narcotics now also include medicines used to relieve pain. • Narcotics cause drowsiness and can result in physiological dependence. • Drugs made from opium can cause stupor or sleep so deep that they depress respiration and can result in coma or death.

42. Morphine is naturally occurring substance in the opium poppy, Papaver Somniferous. It is a potent narcotic analgesic, and its primary clinical use is in the management of moderately severe and severe pain. After heroin, morphine has the greatest dependence liability of the narcotic analgesics in common use. Morphine is administered by several routes (injected, smoked, sniffed, or swallowed); but when injected particularly intravenously, morphine can produce intense euphoria and a general state of well-being and relaxation. Regular use can result in the rapid development of tolerance to these effects. Profound physical and psychological dependence can also rapidly develop, and withdrawal sickness upon abrupt cessation of heroin use; many of the symptoms resemble those produced by a case of moderately severe flu. Morphine is infrequently encountered in the North American street drug culture. However, mainly because of its availability in hospitals, there have been several documented cases of morphine dependence among health professionals. Drug Source Morphine is isolated from crude opium, which is a resinous prep of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Trade Name Roxinal, MS Contain, Morphine Sulfate Street Names - "M", morph, Miss Emma Medical Uses * symptomatic relief of moderately severe to severe pain; * relief of certain types of difficult or labored breathing; * suppression of severe cough (rarely); * suppression of severe diarrhea (e.g., that produced by cholera). Physical Appearance Morphine is legally available only in the form of its water-soluble salts. Most common are morphine sulfate and morphine hydrochloride. Both are fine white crystalline powders, bitter to the taste. Both are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. NARCOTICS - Morphine

43. What is codeine? Codeine is a drug that relieves pain. Codeine is used to treat moderate-to-severe pain. Codeine is also a cough suppressant. Who should not take codeine? Codeine is habit forming and should only be used under close supervision if you have an alcohol or drug addiction. Codeine may cause addiction and withdrawal symptoms as well as other harmful effects in an unborn baby. Do not take codeine without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. Codeine may also cause addiction and withdrawal symptoms in a nursing baby. Do not take codeine without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. If you are younger than 18 years of age or older than 60 years of age, you may be more likely to experience side effects from codeine therapy. Use extra caution. What are the possible side effects of codeine? If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking codeine and seek emergency medical attention: an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); NARCOTICS - Codeine

44. Other names:Smack, brown, horse, gear, junk, H, jack, scag Short term effects Effects typically last an hour or so Powerful pain-killing effects, may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting Small doses give the user a sense of warmth and well-being, banishing worries and psychological pain Larger doses bring sedation - users feel drowsy, relaxed; very large doses bring coma Unusual purity of sample may lead to overdose, which may be fatal Impurities can cause serious effects, bacteria have even been killed (though toxic chemicals are rarely found in seized heroin samples) - additives often relatively harmless, such as Paracetomol or glucose. Appearance/use:Brownish-white powder that is smoked, snorted or dissolved and injected. Long term effects: Heroin is physically addictive (even when smoked) Psychological dependence may be even stronger, (perhaps linked to the lifestyle and problems of those who use) Tolerance develops - stopping for a period and then re-starting can make a familiar dose an overdose Users who form a habit may end up taking the drug just to stave off withdrawal Sharing injecting equipment can spread dangerous infections like hepatitis B and C and HIV Withdrawal (7-10 days) from addicted use brings aches, tremor, sweating and chills, sneezing and yawning, and muscular spasms. NARCOTICS - Heroin

45. Types of Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens: Are drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch. • People who use hallucinogens may see and hear things that are not really there.

46. HALLUCINOGENS • Cannabis • LSD • Magic Mushrooms • Ketamine • PCP • Mescaline

47. Other names:Marijuana, draw, blow, weed, puff, shit, hashish, hash, ganja, skunk, spliff, wacky backy Short term effects Effects typically starting after a few minutes, and lasting an hour or more. Cooking the drug then eating it delays the onset of the effects, and makes them more intense but harder to control Users feel relaxed and talkative Enhanced awareness of others' feelings, heightened sensory experience and hilarity are common While intoxicated, short-term memory may be impaired, and concentration, co-ordination and sexual inhibition reduced May bring on a craving for food (the 'munchies') Can make users feel paranoid and anxious, depending on their mood and situation when taking it increases blood pressure and can make people feel faint No records of fatal overdose Appearance/use:A solid, dark lump known as 'resin'. Leaves, stalks and seeds called 'grass'. A sticky, dark oil - 'hash oil'. Can be rolled (usually with tobacco) in a spliff or joint, smoked on its own in a special pipe, or cooked and eaten in food Long term effects: Users can become dependent on cannabis, and if smoked with tobacco may lead to addiction to nicotine Smoking over a long period of time may lead to respiratory disorders Can leave users tired and lacking energy · users may lack motivation and feel apathetic May be specially risky for users with existing mental instability or illness, or lung, heart or respiratory disorders Prolonged, heavy use can cause severe apathy, confusion and delusions Possible links with cancer when cannabis is smoked. HALLUCINOGENS - Cannibis

48. Other names:Acid, trips, tabs, blotters, microdots, dots Short term effects: Effects are known as a 'trip' and typically start after 30-60 minutes, peak after 2-6 hours and last 8-12 hours Users will experience their surroundings in a very different way, distortions of all five senses are common Sense of movement and time may speed up or slow down Concentration is impaired making driving hazardous Emotional reaction may be 'mystical', even ecstatic Frightening, even terrifying experiences ('bad trips') are possible, often relating to the mood of the taker Once a trip starts it cannot be stopped, though experienced users may 'steer' it · suicides/deaths due to induced beliefs are much publicised but rare. Appearance/use:Quarter-inch squares of paper, often with a picture on one side, which are sucked or swallowed. 'Microdots' and 'dots' are tiny tablets Long term effects: Tolerance develops quickly, though physical dependence does not occur 'Flashbacks' may be experienced where part of a trip is re-lived after the event, sometimes months later, lasting a few minutes Can complicate mental health problems No known physical dangers attributable to long term LSD use Adverse psychological effects are more common in regular users. HALLUCINOGENS – L S D

49. Other names:Shrooms, mushies Liberty Cap and Fly Agaric mushrooms Appearance/use:These mushrooms are eaten raw, dried, cooked in food, or stewed into a tea. Short term effects: Similar effects to LSD but the 'trip' is often milder and shorter, usually no longer than 9 hours, less if fewer than 20 liberty cap mushrooms eaten Fly agaric is more likely to cause nausea, vomiting, stiff joints, impaired co-ordination, intense disorientation, and possibly convulsions Eating the wrong kind of mushroom can cause serious (even fatal) poisoning. Long term effects: Tolerance develops very quickly No physical dependence though psychological dependence is possible Can complicate mental health problems. Legal status: Not illegal to pick, possess or eat raw magic mushrooms, but when 'prepared' (e.g. dried or stewed) they are.Class A drug. drugs and the law HALLUCINOGENS – Magic Mushrooms

50. Other names:Special 'K', Green, super 'K', vitamin K Short term effects: Makes the user feel detached and remote from their pain To begin with, euphoria and rushes or waves of energy, then effects similar to sedative or hallucinatory drugs Often numbness in the limbs, slurring of speech and strange muscle movement so nausea and sometimes vomiting, (and danger of choking) With large or repeat doses hallucinations occur e.g. loss of sense of time, feeling disconnected from the body, near death experiences Large doses could lead to loss of consciousness A few cases of death have occurred through overdose, heart or respiratory failure. Appearance/use:Usually a tablet or a white crystalline powder that is snorted, but also in liquid form in small phials that can be injected. A powerful anaesthetic used in animals and humans. Long term effects: Little known Could aggravate existing psychosis, anxiety or depression Could impair memory Prolonged periods of use may cause disorientation and gradual detachment from the world. HALLUCINOGENS – Ketamine